Palmistry. Big book of palm reading (12 pages)

Phalanges of the thumb

If the first phalanx is longer than the second, the person has a strong will, but is not very smart. He is extremely independent. The nail phalanx shows the degree of nervous energy.

When the second phalanx is longer than the first, a person has logic and an abundance of ideas, but lacks the determination to implement his plans. This is especially typical for those people whose nail phalanx is narrow, and the second one is large and wide. A short second phalanx indicates that a person is not able to reason and think logically.

If both phalanges are of equal length, the person has both qualities - determination and logical thinking. He is friendly and never resorts to deception. He maintains courage in the face of adverse circumstances.

The lower part of the finger (mount of Venus) is associated with feelings. If it is noticeably raised and blue veins are visible, the person does not control his feelings. If it is rough to the touch, the person has physical and mental strength; if it is soft, it indicates weak physics.

Basic variable hand positions when predicting

When all parts of the thumb are equal in length, a person is distinguished by holiness and nobility.

If the nail phalanx is not in line with the second, but is curved inward, a person easily loses self-confidence.

The owner of a thin and backward-curved first phalanx is friendly, tactful, intelligent and able to comprehend the essence of the subject. He may be a literary critic or a skilled politician.

Anatomy of the hand tendon. Anatomy of the flexor tendons

Flexor tendons are divided into superficial and deep. The superficial flexor tendons are attached to the middle phalanges, and the deep flexor tendons are attached to the distal (ungual) phalanges. All tendons are located in channels in which they slide. When the muscles contract, the tendons pull the corresponding phalanges and the fingers bend. These muscles are located on the forearm.

The tendons on the back of the hand and forearm are known as extensor tendons.

The flexor tendons are held in the canals by annular ligaments. This ensures smooth bending without tension on the skin.

Damaged tendons in the forearm, wrist, palm or finger are characterized by an inability to bend.

Tendons can be damaged very easily due to the fact that they are located very close to the surface of the skin. And a fairly shallow wound to the hand will most likely result in damage to the flexor tendons.

Tendons are constantly under tension from their muscles. If the tendon is damaged, the contracted muscle pulls the proximal end (which is closer to the forearm). The damaged ends diverge far from each other, which makes it impossible for them to heal independently.

It is very important to suture the ends of the tendon in the first few days after the injury, otherwise the changes in the sheaths and tendons themselves will be irreversible and a two-stage repair will be required, which can take from 4 to 6 months of treatment.

Since the nerves and blood vessels in the hand and forearm are located next to the tendons, a shallow wound can damage them. Damage to the nerve will result in numbness on one or both sides of the finger, but damage to both digital arteries will lead to more serious consequences - severe ischemia of the finger (lack of blood supply), which can cause necrosis of the finger. This requires, of course, immediate surgery - revascularization of the finger (stitching of blood vessels).

Phalanges of the index finger (Jupiter)

The longest first phalanx indicates insight, which is often based on intuition. A relatively thick finger speaks of selfishness. The long first phalanx on the thin finger of Jupiter means that the individual knows how to control other people.

If the second phalanx is the longest, then this is a person who calmly perceives issues related to property. A long second phalanx on a thick finger indicates a love of luxury and leisure, while a very short phalanx can be a sign of low energy levels.

A thin second phalanx is a sign of immoderate ambitions.

A very full middle phalanx indicates a person who always strives to be himself and does not want to join the general chorus of voices.

If the third phalanx is the longest, then this indicates a person who has good self-control. The short third phalanx belongs to the individual who obediently accepts his fate. A thick third phalanx is a sign of stinginess, a thin third phalanx is a sign of idealism. In addition, a thick third phalanx increases the degree of control a person has over himself. A narrow third phalanx is characteristic of people who are concerned about the impression they make on others. Perhaps such a person has doubts about what he really is.

Transverse lines on the third phalanx of the index finger indicate inheritance and self-indulgence.

Several wavy lines on the third phalanx of the index finger indicate a lack of self-control. An inclined fork-shaped sign indicates loss. The wavy serpentine line from the first to the third phalanx of the finger of Jupiter is a sign of wealth and wisdom (ah).

Causes of pain

The most common causes of pain are degenerative pathologies and injuries.
Unpleasant sensations, tingling or numbness are a consequence of damage to bone or muscle tissue, sprain or inflammation of the ligaments. The pain can be of a different nature, but it always leads to loss of performance, activity, and the ability to perform simple movements: fastening buttons, holding a spoon, drawing.

The phalanges of the fingers consist of bone tissue, and therefore are subject to destruction during degenerative processes. The problem often occurs in the following situations:

• age-related changes, slower cell regeneration;
• hormonal imbalance;
• diseases of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands;
• metabolic disorders, accumulation of uric acid;
• congenital pathologies;
• osteoporosis.

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In some diseases of the digestive system, the intestines do not absorb mineral compounds that are necessary for the regeneration of bone tissue. Therefore, the risk of inflammation and destruction of the phalanges increases with dysbacteriosis, colitis and ulcers.

Among the main reasons why fingers hurt:

• Arthritis caused by infectious diseases. They occur after suffering from influenza, ARVI, tonsillitis or pneumonia against the background of the activity of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The pathogens penetrate the joint, causing painful inflammation and suppuration.
• Stenosing ligamentitis. Inflammation spreads to the ligaments that hold the phalanges. The fingers turn blue, blood circulation is impaired, and it is painful to bend or straighten the joint. Unpleasant sensations intensify at night when at rest.
• Osteomyelitis. Bone tissue begins to break down when large amounts of pus accumulate. The patient has signs of intoxication: pain, muscle weakness, low-grade fever. The nail phalanx is often affected: the infection can easily be caused when performing a manicure with non-sterile instruments.
• Gout. A severe and chronic disease occurs when a large amount of salt accumulates around the bone. A characteristic sign is severe swelling around the joints, fever, redness of the skin and pain. The problem leads to deformation, change in shape, and damage to ligaments.

Pain in the fingers occurs with the development of arthritis , a disease in which the shape and density of the phalanx changes. Growths form on the lateral surfaces, and the density of cartilage decreases. The plate wears out and pressure on the nerve endings increases.

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis have similar symptoms . Pain and swelling make it difficult to bend and straighten your fingers. Seals form on the epiphyses of the phalanges, which lead to the appearance of a painful bulge.

With psoriatic arthritis, the small joints on the fingers become inflamed. An autoimmune disease triggers the destruction of bone tissue by your own immune cells. In most patients, the pathology affects the distal phalanges and nail plates.

In some diseases, pain is caused by post-traumatic arthritis . This is a consequence of a bruise or minor injuries associated with daily work. With monotonous movements, microcracks remain on the bones. When hidden infections occur in the body, inflammation, stiffness and discomfort occur. The problem develops into a chronic form and requires complex treatment.

Phalanges of the middle finger (Saturn)

The long first phalanx often denotes a deeply religious person. Depending on other marks, it may indicate a tendency towards superstition.

The short first phalanx belongs to people who are easily manipulated.

A long second phalanx is a sign of an educated person who likes to be outside the home and garden.

The short phalanx belongs to untrustworthy individuals.

If the third phalanx is longer than the other two, it belongs to a faithful, sensitive person. A short phalanx is a sign of conservatism.

One or two straight and descending lines running from the second to the third phalanx of the middle finger indicate insight (bb).

A descending straight line inside the third phalanx of the middle finger indicates military service.

Experience in the treatment of congenital malformations of the hand

Congenital malformations and deformations of the hand are among the most complex and diverse. According to literature data, they range from 0.1 to 1.94 per 1000 newborns. It has now been established that congenital deformities of the limbs can be either hereditarily determined or arise as a result of the pathological action of exogenous factors on the developing embryo (embryopathies) or fetus (fetopathies). Therefore, it is possible for malformations of the hand to manifest both as an independent nosological form and in combination with other diseases (formation of syndromes). Often, developmental defects on the same hand are combined with each other, so surgical treatment of this pathology is very difficult.

The most common congenital anomalies of the hand that require surgical treatment can be grouped into the following clinical groups:

1. Hypoplasia - includes all anomalies accompanied by varying degrees of underdevelopment of the anatomical structures of the hand - skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, tendons, articular-ligamentous apparatus: syndactyly, brachydactyly, camptodactyly, amniotic deformities, ectrodactyly, oligodactyly, hypoplasia of the thumb.
2. Hyperplasia - combines all congenital anomalies accompanied by the presence of additional anatomical structures or their hypertrophy: polydactyly, hyperphalanxia, ​​macrodactyly, gigantism, elephantiasis.
3. Syndromes - all congenital anomalies of the hand of the hypo- and hyperplastic type are identified in combination with a complex of typical congenital defects in the development of other localizations of the body: arthromyodysplasia, acrocephalosyndactyly, oculodentodigital, orofacial digital, osteoonychodysplasia, as well as syndromes: Robin, Poland, Marfan, Charcot-Marie-Tooth, Maffucci et al.

Syndactyly is a congenital fusion of fingers with cutaneous or osteocutaneous tissue. Accounts for more than half of all hand development anomalies. Syndactyly occurs 2 times more often in boys. The III – IY fingers are most often connected. In 41% of cases there is a bilateral symmetrical lesion, in 35% - on the right, in 24% - on the left. It can be combined with any congenital anomaly of the hand, foot, or other organs.

Methods of surgery for syndactyly can be divided into 3 groups - phalangization with replacement of the skin defect:

1. Local tissues;
2. Local tissues and free skin autograft;
3. Free skin autograft.

After surgery, after removing the corrective bandage, restorative treatment is recommended - massage, therapeutic exercises. As the child grows, in some cases the need for corrective operations arises.

Brachydactyly is a congenital underdevelopment of the hand, shortening or absence of one or more phalanges (brachyphalange), isolated or multiple shortening of the metacarpal bones (brachymetacarpy). Often accompanied by cutaneous or bone forms of syndactyly. Most often, fingers II – IY are subject to deformation. Often with brachydactyly, synphalangia and synostosis of the metacarpal bones are observed. In 40-50% of children, brachydactyly is accompanied by a similar deformation on the feet.

Treatment of brachydactyly is mainly surgical. In each case, an individual surgical plan is chosen. In order to prevent inhibition of hand growth, elimination of finger fusion is recommended at an early age. At the age of 8-10 years, lengthening of the shortest metacarpal bones and phalanges of formed fingers can be undertaken using external fixation devices.

Camptodactyly is a congenital flexion contracture of the finger. It occurs relatively rarely, with equal frequency in boys and girls. There is a flexion contracture at the level of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the Y finger, less often IY-Y and very rarely II-Y fingers. Typically a bilateral symmetrical lesion with a more pronounced pattern on the right or left. The anomaly is accompanied by underdevelopment of all structures: shortening of the skin with the absence or smoothing of skin folds, dysplasia of the tendon-ligamentous apparatus and blood vessels of the hand, underdevelopment of the head of the proximal phalanx. There is a noticeable limitation in the extension of the middle phalanges of the fingers; there is no differentiated flexion of the distal phalanges.

Treatment of camptodactyly is predominantly conservative. From the moment the disease is diagnosed, thermal procedures, massage with skin stretching and joint extension are recommended. In general, hand function does not suffer. In severe cases, surgical treatment is used: Z-shaped skin dissection, capsulotomy of the proximal joint, cutting off the superficial flexor legs, dosed distraction using an external fixation device. The study of long-term results indicates recurrence of the disease.

Clinodactyly is a congenital lateral deviation of the fingers. It is rare, but if the deviation is less than 10° from the normal axis, it is usually not fixed. Always bilateral, symmetrical, twice as likely to affect boys, and progresses as the hand grows.

According to the degree of lateral deviation of the finger, they are distinguished: mild - up to 10°, moderate - up to 20°, severe - more than 20°. In mild cases, hand function does not suffer. With average, there is a limitation in subtle professional activities. With severe deviation of the fingers in ulnar deviation, tip and pinch grips of small objects are sharply limited, and the strength and shape of other types of grip are reduced. This pathology is sometimes accompanied by similar developmental anomalies on the feet, as well as syndactyly and brachydactyly. The deformation increases with the beginning of active growth.

Conservative treatment includes thermal procedures, massage with skin redressing and stretching. Corrective bandages are used as a preparatory stage for surgery.

Surgical correction begins at 7-8 years of age. The choice of surgical method depends on the nature of the anomaly. As the hand grows, additional correction of the deformity is sometimes required.

Ectrodactyly is a congenital cleft hand. It can be unilateral, symmetrical bilateral, in combination with a similar deformation on the feet, as well as with other anomalies. In appearance, the brush resembles a crayfish claw or a double brush. As children grow, they actively adapt the shape of the hand to its function. For wide clefts that limit hand function, surgical treatment is indicated. Considering the degree of impairment of blood flow to the hand, the reconstruction technique is individual in each case. In the postoperative period, special attention is paid to the biomechanical restructuring of hand function.

Oligodactyly is a congenital defect of one or more fingers. Depending on the number of preserved fingers, they are called tetradactyly or tridactyly. It can be combined with hypoplasia of the first finger, underdevelopment or absence of metacarpal bones, syndactyly and other developmental anomalies. It is relatively rare. If the function of the remaining fingers is compensated and the patient is satisfied, surgical treatment is not performed. Surgical treatment is possible to improve grasping function or eliminate associated abnormalities.

Hemimelia is a congenital aplasia of parts of the hand. With radial aplasia, the radial half of the hand is absent, and with ulnar aplasia, the ulnar half is absent. Often combined with syndactyly of the remaining fingers and other birth defects. Treatment is carried out according to an individual plan: syndactyly is eliminated, the function of opposition is restored using muscle-tendon transpositions.

Ectodactyly is complete or partial aplasia of the bones of the wrist and metacarpus; hypoplastic shortened fingers extend directly from the end of the forearm. It is extremely rare. Surgical treatment is not performed until the growth and formation of the skeleton is complete. In the future, an individual approach to surgical treatment or prosthetics and social rehabilitation is possible.

Hypoplasia of the first finger is the most common congenital anomaly. Among all congenital anomalies of the hand, the first finger accounts for more than 16%. Often combined with other hand developmental anomalies and congenital syndromes. Almost all congenital deformities of the first finger are characterized by varying degrees of underdevelopment of all finger structures: skeleton, thenar muscles, tendon-ligamentous apparatus, vascular system and innervation.

Aplasia of the first finger is characterized by its complete defect. The brush has a four-fingered shape. The grip is carried out with the lateral surface of the fingers. In adults, during the process of function, a semblance of opposition of the second to third finger is formed.

Microdactyly of the first finger is underdevelopment of the first finger. May vary in degree of underdevelopment. In some cases, the elements of the first finger can be well developed, the flexor tendons are present, and the first metacarpal bone and phalanges of the finger are preserved. However, the thenar muscles are completely absent. Such a finger is unstable and incapable of grasping function. There are methods for surgical correction of this pathology. Operations are most often carried out in several stages. Our clinic uses the Blaut operation as modified by Godunova. Stage 1, starting from 3-5 months of age, plastic surgery is performed with local tissues of the base of the first finger, which further helps to improve blood circulation and the development of the rudiment. Stage 2 involves reconstructive surgery. From an incision along the dorsal surface of the hand along the radial edge of the second metacarpal bone in the sagittal plane, a longitudinal detachment of a fragment from the second metacarpal bone is performed, maintaining its connection at the base. The distal end of the fragment is connected to the rudiment.

Amniotic deformities of the hand - occur as a result of intrauterine constrictions at the level of various segments of the upper limb and are observed in 1:2000-2500 newborns. According to the severity of the hand lesion, amniotic constrictions are divided into complete ones, when as a result of the constriction, intrauterine spontaneous amputation of various segments of the hand, fingers, metacarpal bones, and wrist occurs. Incomplete, when circular, palmar or dorsal strangulations of varying depth remain - superficial or deep. With complete amniotic constrictions, the remaining segments of the hand are rounded stumps covered with thin skin. Superficial strangulations are characterized by atrophy of fatty tissue at the site of the constriction, without circulatory impairment, with preservation of sensitivity distal to the strangulation. Deep strangulations are characterized by adhesion of the skin to the bone along the entire circumference or part thereof. This disrupts lymph and blood circulation. As the hand grows, trophic disturbances intensify, ulceration and necrosis of the amniotic stump occur.

Treatment of amniotic bands is surgical.

Ectrophalangia is a congenital splitting of the first finger at the level of the proximal or distal phalanges. It is often combined with syndactyly and triphalangy. For this defect, the Bilhout operation is performed, which consists of resection of the inner halves of the phalanges facing each other and joining the two outer halves into one finger, followed by fixation. When combined with triphalangia of the first finger, it is subsequently politicized.

Polydactyly is a congenital increase in the number of fingers from one extra finger to multiple fingers. It can be unilateral, bilateral, and also in combination with polydactyly of the feet, syndactyly and other anomalies. An increase in the number of individual phalanges is called polyphalanx. The most common types of polydactyly are radial polydactyly—extra I-II fingers and ulnar polydactyly—additional to the Y finger. They may have normal development of all structures or their underdevelopment in the form of a rudiment hanging on a skin stalk. The frequency of occurrence is from 1:3300 to 1:630. Treatment is surgical. When choosing tactics and method of surgery, it is necessary to take radiography to establish the nature of bone changes, various options for connection with the main finger, and examine the functions of the accessory and main fingers.

Macrodactyly is congenital partial gigantism. There are 2 forms: progressive and stable. In one case, only soft tissues are affected, in the other, both bone and soft tissues are affected. Most often, fingers I-II and II-III are affected, less often the forearm and ulnar half of the hand are involved in the process. The most common method used is amputation of hypertrophied fingers.

Triphalangy of the first finger - characterized by the fact that the hand contains 5 triphalangeal fingers lying in the same plane, with the swimming membrane located at the same level and the absence of thenar muscles. The basic functions of the first finger and, above all, the opposition are completely impaired. Surgical treatment is carried out from 2-3 years of age

From 1998 to 2004, 146 children with hand defects were operated on in the traumatology and orthopedic department. 200 surgical interventions were performed. The choice of surgical tactics depended on a detailed clarification of the isolated or combined nature of the anomalies.

The clinic performed 65 surgical interventions for syndactyly. Elimination of this defect was carried out in stages, from the age of 1 to 5 years. During phalangization, wavy incisions were used to cross the dorsal transverse ligament between the heads of the metacarpal bones. Plastic surgery of the interdigital space was performed using split skin autograft, local tissues, and a combination thereof. In the postoperative period, the hand was fixed with a simulated plaster splint for 4 weeks. This made it possible to avoid scar contractures of the fingers. Scar contractures developed in 3 patients due to non-compliance with recommendations for performing rehabilitation measures at the outpatient stage of treatment.

For congenital clefting of the first finger of the hand at the level of the proximal and distal phalanges (ectrophalanges) in children aged 7 months to 4 years, 8 Bilhout operations were performed.

The next group is represented by 67 surgical interventions for polydactyly, polyphalanx, when one of the fingers or one of the phalanges is hypoplastic, as well as in the presence of an additional ray. The scope and stages of correction included amputation of accessory fingers, isolation of accessory rays, including 9 with tendon transposition. Most children are operated on before the age of 1 year.

Removal of amniotic constrictions was performed in 13 children aged 10-12 months by excision of the constriction itself, followed by skin grafting according to Limberg.

For microdactyly of the first finger and aplasia of the first metacarpal bone, we consider the stabilization of the first finger according to Blaut-Godunova to be the operation of choice, which was performed in 3 patients. It was possible to create a strong bone block in all children.

Patients with camptodactyly underwent application of an external fixation device, followed by distraction and elimination of deformity in 5 cases. Children were operated on in adolescence. The immediate and long-term results in all patients are satisfactory.

For stenosing ligamentitis, 27 operations were performed - ligamentotomy of the annular ligament. The function of 1 finger was completely restored in all patients.

Thus, complex staged reconstructive and plastic surgeries for malformations of the hand allow, first of all, to restore the functional state of the underdeveloped hand, and secondly, to achieve a cosmetic result.

“It can be said without exaggerating that the projectiles, remarkable in their mechanism, invented by the human mind, are only imitations of the wonderful mechanism of the hand, far removed from it in convenience, simplicity and elegance of form.” N.I. Pirogov.

Phalanges of the ring finger (Apollo)

A long first phalanx means that a person has everything necessary to achieve success in art. The short one warns that the individual will ignore his inclination towards art.

If the second phalanx is longer than the others, the person is intellectually gifted; a short phalanx indicates that the individual may lack creative ideas.

A long third phalanx is a sign of an excess of energy necessary for artistic creativity, a short one is a sign of its lack.

Three vertical lines on the first phalanx of the ring finger indicate artistic ability (c), and two lines on the second phalanx of this finger indicate wisdom and intelligence. If there are more than three lines, a person’s energy is wasted.

A deep straight line on the ring finger, crossing the middle joint, extending to the lower phalanx and starting from the tip of the second phalanx, is a sign of fame (ff) acquired through study and learning.

Phalanges of the little finger (Mercury)

A long first phalanx is found in people with developed communication skills and intuition. A relatively short phalanx is characteristic of a person who has difficulty communicating his views to others, which may be associated with timidity.

A long second phalanx suggests a person’s inclination towards medicine and science, a short one suggests a lack of communication skills.

The long third phalanx belongs to a born businessman, capable of manipulating others. The short phalanx is endowed with somewhat passive, but extremely honest individuals.

A single straight line from the first phalanx to the base of the little finger indicates achievements in the scientific field. Descending vertical lines on the first phalanx of the little finger mean interest in the occult sciences, but transverse lines on the same phalanx can turn a person into a liar and talker.

Transverse lines on the little finger indicate idle talk, but a single vertical line characterizes a skilled speaker.

A straight line from the first to the third phalanx of the Mercury finger indicates success in trade and business.

Eight small vertical lines on the second phalanx and eight similar small lines on the third phalanx of the finger of Mercury signify enormous wealth acquired by entrepreneurship (gg).

Finger joints

Unlike the thumb, the other fingers of the hand have not two, but three joints. In some cases, the upper joints are more defined or convex. Knobby fingers are characteristic of inquisitive people who strive to get answers to the questions they have.

Each finger joint has its own meaning. If the top joint is closer to the tip of the finger and appears more developed than the middle one, it may indicate a nosy, annoying, rumor-mongering person. People with knotty second joints are characterized by curiosity and an analytical mind.

If one or two joints appear very large, the person may have arthritis. Fingers with straight joints belong to people with a cool mind, those who remain calm under any circumstances.

In general, the tips of the fingers, or the first phalanges, characterize the mental side of a person, and the lower, or third, phalanges characterize his physical nature.

A thick third phalanx, regardless of its length, indicates that a person is allergic to certain foods.

The middle (second) phalanx talks about the practical affairs of a person. The longest phalanx of an individual's finger determines its dominant characteristics.

Anatomy of the phalanx of the fingers. Structural features

The normal functioning of the limbs is ensured by bone tissue, muscles, tendons, connective tissues and some other tissues. The base is an articulated group of bones, which includes:

• Scaphoid. Also called the wrist, belongs to the first row, connects to the trapezoid bone, which belongs to the thumb and to the trapezoid.
• Trapezoid bone. Belongs to the distal row, articulates with the metacarpal.
• Metacarpal bone. Five tubular bones extend from the wrist, corresponding to each finger. The metacarpal bone has a curved body shape, the head is spherical, the base or end is thicker.
• Proximal phalanx. A tubular bone that marks the base of the skeleton of a finger or its end.
• Middle phalanx. Body or middle part.
• Distal phalanx or trochlea. A nail phalanx is formed at the end.

Remember!

The structure of the index finger, in particular its skeletal system, is identical to other fingers with the exception of the thumb, which has only two phalanges.

Functionality is provided not only by the skeletal base, but also by muscles, the main purpose of which includes not only flexion and extension, but also deflection, circular and other movements. The main ones include the muscles of the superficial flexor of the fingers, the extensor of the index finger or the muscle of the posterior group of the forearm. There are also smaller muscles, as well as tendons, which belong to the connective tissue or part of the low-extensibility muscles, their continuations.

The blood supply to the hand is carried out by two large veins - the radial and ulnar, which from the palm side are combined into peculiar arcs. They are usually called deep and superficial; branches extend from them to each finger, including the index finger. A dorsal arch is also organized, from which blood supply branches also arise. Innervation includes branches of the median nerve, radial and ulnar.

Fingertips

Fingertips have different shapes, the characteristics of which help to more fully realize a person's potential. In palmistry, a hand that combines various shapes is considered a good sign. For example, the Earth hand with several conical fingers combines the artistry of nature with a penchant for hard work.

A conical hand and several square-tipped fingers indicate that the individual has an abundance of energy to enable him to realize his artistic inclinations (as is the case with most practicing artists).