Morphine - description of the drug, instructions for use, reviews

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Manufacturers: Moscow Endocrine Plant

Active ingredients

• Morphine

Disease class

• Heart failure
• Pain in the heart area
• Constant, unrelieved pain
• Surgical practice

Clinical and pharmacological group

• Not indicated. See instructions

Pharmacological action

• Analgesic (narcotic)

Pharmacological group

• Opioid narcotic analgesics

Content:

1. Mechanism of action of morphine
2. How long does it last?
3. Use of high doses
4. Morphine dosages
5. When is morphine strictly contraindicated?
6. Side effects that occur in morphine addicts
7. Effect of morphine as a drug

Morphine is a strong narcotic drug.
Doctors use it as a pain reliever if pain symptoms cannot be relieved with safer analgesics. Thus, it is prescribed for serious traumatic injuries, oncology, traumatic shock, and after complex surgical interventions. If the doctor has a choice, he will always offer the patient a safer alternative.
This is due to the side effects of morphine on the central nervous system, respiration, and gastrointestinal tract.

Coding

There is not a single case in evidence-based medicine where coding helps with drug addiction or any other addiction.

The body requires a new dose at the level of receptors and synapses. In such matters, psychology plays a secondary role. Therefore, coding is not efficient.

There are no described techniques or methods for coding drug addicts. Only long-term rehabilitation with psychological work to restore personality and self lead to long-term and stable remission.

Mechanism of action of morphine

The drug is able to interact with opioid-sensitive receptors. As a result, various intracellular biochemical processes are activated. The effect of morphine on the human body can be described as follows:

• the excitability of pain receptors decreases;
• the work of the central nervous system is inhibited;
• conditioned reflexes are inhibited;
• the excitability of the cough center decreases;
• the tone of the smooth muscles of internal organs increases;
• the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is minimized;
• sphincters located in the gastrointestinal tract and biliary tract, bladder, become tense;
• body temperature constantly “jumps” and sometimes reaches critical levels;
• The production of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin increases.

The drug morphine also affects the respiratory center. The combination of all these effects is of great importance in the treatment of various diseases. But, if a person starts taking the drug to get high, he faces life-threatening complications.

Compound

According to its chemical properties, promedol is a derivative of 4-phenylpiperyline. The substance molecule is a synthetic analogue of morphine, which gives a similar physiological effect. Moreover, its main active ingredient is trimeperidine. It is a white crystalline powder that dissolves well in aqueous and alcohol solutions.

Promedol is available in the following dosage forms:

• injection solution in 1 ml ampoules (with 10 or 20 mg trimeperidine);
• 1 ml syringe tube;
• 25 mg tablets marked with the letter “P”.

The solid pharmaceutical form of the drug contains auxiliary components that facilitate its absorption when taken orally.

Use of high doses

If a large dose of morphine is administered, severe drowsiness will occur. Therefore, the drug is prescribed to people who cannot sleep normally due to severe pain. High dosages also contribute to:

• inhibition of conditioned reflexes;
• blocking the cough and respiratory centers;
• the occurrence of bradycardia;
• severe constriction of the pupils;
• overexcitation of cranial nerves.

Taking high doses of the drug results in bronze spasm and disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. There is a weakening of intestinal peristalsis, and in the stomach, peristalsis, on the contrary, increases. Thanks to this, the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is quickly cleared (doctors use this effect if they need to conduct an examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract).

Withdrawal of the drug

With long-term use of morphine in patients, it is recommended to gradually reduce the dosage. This is due to the high probability of developing withdrawal syndrome, which is manifested by sweating, aggression, psychomotor agitation, and severe dyspeptic symptoms. Usually every day the dosage is reduced by 25-30%, after which the drug is discontinued. In some cases, it becomes necessary to quickly discontinue morphine. This is due to acute poisoning. In such cases, Naloxone is prescribed, which is the main antidote to opium derivatives.

When is morphine strictly contraindicated?

There is a group of patients who cannot be given a narcotic even if the pain is unbearable. Among the contraindications to the use of the medicine:

• allergy to it;
• alcohol, drug intoxication;
• severe disturbances in the activity of the central nervous system;
• acute intestinal obstruction;
• bleeding disorders;
• severe infection;
• mental disorders.

Patients with:

• gallstones;
• recent neck/head injury;
• edema syndrome;
• renal/liver failure;
• inflammation of the intestines;
• prostate adenoma;
• disruptions in the functioning of the thyroid gland.

The drug should be administered with extreme caution to patients who have recently undergone surgery on the stomach or intestines, pregnant and nursing mothers, and during the rehabilitation period after removal of the gallbladder.

Needless to say, if a drug addict with any of the above diagnoses starts using morphine, his life will be short-lived. It is unacceptable to take a drug to relax or get rid of withdrawal symptoms. This is a road to nowhere. If you become dependent on a drug, you should get qualified drug treatment help as soon as possible.

Treatment in hospital

Pharmacological support is always used in the hospital. Otherwise, it is impossible to make rehabilitation reliable and safe. In addition, psychological work must be carried out with each patient.

During the first period of up to 14 days, patients undergo cleansing of the body from morphine metabolites. They are prescribed an infusion, tests are carried out, and treatment for pain and dyspeptic syndromes is prescribed.

During withdrawal, the patient is placed in an artificial coma. At this time, it is fed with infusion therapy. All this allows you to survive withdrawal without pain or harm to the body.

Every day, patients can come to group classes or, if desired, to individual ones. Such trainings make it possible to restore the social significance of the patient. This way you can show his importance to people from the group, show that he is not the only one in the world, that everyone makes mistakes, but is ready to correct them.

According to scientific reports, the study of religion or rehabilitation methods with a religious bias are more likely to produce positive results.

The confessional (with a religious bias) approach has proven itself better than similar methods, but without a religious component.

Taken from the dissertation: “Resocialization of drug addicts: socio-psychological aspects” by Kutyanova I.P.

One of the ways to distract the patient from the desire to use “dope” is a constant change of activity. Therefore, occupational therapy is recommended for drug addicts. This is a reason to train your willpower, communicate with other people, and improve your physical health.

Due to opiates, patients become exhausted and lose weight. In specialized rehabilitation centers for drug addicts, they create a special high-calorie menu that helps to gain weight. The most delicious and healthy food always lifts the mood and morale of people who want to quit drugs.

Side effects that occur in morphine addicts

The gastrointestinal tract is most affected by the drug. But this does not mean that any of the organs or systems have natural protection from the drug - it is toxic to everything. After its administration, the following may occur:

• nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain;
• symptoms of bile stagnation, discomfort in the right hypochondrium;
• spasms of the stomach, epigastrium;
• the skin acquires a painful icteric tint;
• paralytic ileus;
• enlarged colon;
• dizziness;
• headache;
• fainting;
• tremor of the limbs;
• muscle spasms;
• depression;
• impaired coordination of movements;
• disturbance of consciousness;
• surges in intracranial pressure;
• stroke;
• seizures;
• dilated pupils;
• decreased vision;
• involuntary eye movements.

From the cardiovascular system, tachycardia and decreased blood pressure are possible. Morphine often causes severe bronchospasm and even lung atelectasis. They inhibit diuresis, spasm the ureters and urethra. As a result, an imperative and painful urge to urinate occurs. Addicts often experience impotence and erectile dysfunction.

The occurrence of allergies cannot be ruled out. Then the skin becomes covered with a rash, urticaria occurs, and Quincke's edema or bronchospasm develops.

Detoxification in hospital

It is easier to do this in a hospital, since there you can carry out infusion therapy and monitor the level of microelements in the blood plasma. The main method of inpatient detoxification from morphine is a 5% glucose infusion. This allows you to speed up filtration in the kidneys and remove drug metabolites.

In the hospital, symptomatic therapy is often used in the event of withdrawal syndrome or disorders of the internal organs.

Even in a hospital, Naloxone or its analogues are not administered to speed up the release of morphine from the blood. Such drugs only relieve the main symptoms of an opiate overdose, but do not reduce the amount of drug in the body.

Effect of morphine as a drug

As practice shows, most often people who become addicted to morphine are those who have been forced to treat with it for some time. Subsequently, they do not find the strength to stop using the dangerous medicine. Continue to enter it to:

• get a pronounced euphoric effect;
• relax;
• relieve tension;
• get rid of drug withdrawal.

Typically, drug addicts use drugs in doses exceeding therapeutic ones. This is due to the fact that addicts gradually develop tolerance to the medicine. Then they are forced to give themselves injections more often than once every six hours. In this case, a single dose can reach up to 100 or even 200 mg. This often leads to overdose and subsequent death.

Often drug addicts try to switch from morphine to tramadol. The latter is easier to get. But this does not make their mental and physical condition any better. There is no point in experimenting with more accessible narcotic drugs. If you can’t quit on your own (and this almost always happens), you need to immediately go to a drug treatment clinic. This is the only way to defeat a deadly disease - drug addiction.

General information

Morphine is an alkaloid that is extracted from a special type of sleeping pill poppy. Small amounts of morphine can also be obtained from other plants:

• Stephanie;
• moonseed;
• ocotea;
• croton

After purification of the milk of the sleeping poppy, raw opium is obtained, from which morphine is subsequently extracted. It is believed that for 100 grams of opium there are from 10 to 20 grams of morphine or morphine.

Morphine is still used in medical practice. It has a pronounced analgesic effect. Therefore, it is prescribed in the postoperative period or to alleviate the condition of patients with terminal stages of cancer.

You cannot buy a morphine-based drug at a pharmacy without a prescription. Distribution of morphine is a criminal offense. All morphine drugs in the hospital are subject to strict controls. Each ampoule is retained for reporting purposes after use.

Morphine addiction is less common than heroin addiction. But the principle of action of both drugs is identical, the only difference is the strength of the effect and toxicity.

The main mechanism for the effects of opium alkaloid is the effect on opiate receptors. The pain threshold decreases, the mind becomes clouded, drowsiness increases (that’s why the poppy from which opium and morphine is extracted is called sleepy), heartbeat and breathing are disrupted.

Literature:

1. Drugs: properties, action, pharmacokinetics, metabolism: textbook / N.V. Veselovskaya [etc.]. — 3rd ed., revised, corrected. and additional - Moscow: Narkonet, 2008. - 262 p.
2. Opium addiction and combating drug trafficking: Social, legal, medical. aspects / Solodun Yu.V., Lavdarenko L.N., Soktoev Z.B. ; Prosecutor General of Russia. Federation [and others]. - Irkutsk: Irkut Publishing House. legal Institute, 2003 (PE Plyukhin R.A.). — 133 p.
3. A manual on narcology for doctors and paramedics of primary medical care / A. A. Churkin, T. V. Klimenko. - Moscow ; Khanty-Mansiysk: Health and Society, 2006 (Cheboksary: ​​IPK Chuvashia). — 173 p.

Ketamine

Ketamine is an anesthetic that helps put a patient into medicated sleep and numb the patient for surgery. The mechanism of action of ketamine is through stimulation of NMDA receptors. The subsequent effect is so similar to the effect of opiates that this drug can be considered an analogue of morphine or methadone: both in its analgesic effect and in its narcotic effect.

A special feature of ketamine is that it blocks the transmission of nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. Normally, pain impulses from peripheral receptors go to the dorsal ganglion, then to the spinal cord, and only then through the brain stem to the postcentral gyrus. When ketamine works, it breaks the neural connection at the level of the brain stem, and as a result, the person does not feel pain or other sensory sensations.

The same goes for movements. The impulse to the muscles goes from the precentral gyrus to the brain stem, then to the spinal cord and then to the muscles. Communication is also interrupted at the level of the brain stem. As a result, a person can open his eyes, move them to the sides and even express emotions, but at this moment he is completely “cut off” from sensory sensations.

Ketamine is very toxic, so they try not to use it unnecessarily, and pharmaceutical companies are looking for safer analogues.