Vaccination calendar - who, when and why needs to be vaccinated

Vaccinations do not end with childhood. It is better to prevent any disease than to treat it later and deal with the consequences, and not only children, but also adults need protection from infections. Therefore, experts have developed a calendar of preventive vaccinations necessary for different categories of patients.

As practice shows, many patients do not know that vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, measles, hepatitis B, and influenza is mandatory. It is also recommended to be vaccinated against meningococcus, pneumococcus, hepatitis A and B, chickenpox, tick-borne encephalitis, HPV (up to 45 years of age) and other infections according to epidemiological indications.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

With changes and additions from June 16, 2021, April 13, 2017, April 24, 2021, September 14, 2021.

Categories and ages of citizens subject to mandatory vaccination	Name of preventive vaccination
Newborns in the first 24 hours of life	First vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Newborns on days 3-7 of life	Vaccination against tuberculosis
Children 1 month	Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Children 2 months	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) First vaccination against pneumococcal infection
Children 3 months (6.1)	First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First vaccination against polio Read also: Where do wen come from on the body: the main reasons for the formation of lipomas First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group)
Children 4.5 months (6.1)	Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) Second vaccination against polio Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection
Children 6 months	Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B Third vaccination against polio Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk group)
Children 12 months	Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups)
Children 15 months	Revaccination against pneumococcal infection
Children 18 months	First revaccination against polio First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk groups)
Children 20 months	Second revaccination against polio
Children 6 years old	Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps
Children 6-7 years old	Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus Revaccination against tuberculosis
Children 14 years old	Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus Third revaccination against polio
Adults over 18 years old	Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination
Children from 1 year to 18 years Adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive) Women from 18 to 25 years old (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who have no information about vaccinations against rubella	Vaccination against rubella, revaccination against rubella
Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive) Adults up to 35 years of age (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, without information about measles vaccinations Read also: Normal human immunoglobulin - solution for infusion Adults from 36 to 55 years (inclusive) belonging to risk groups (employees of medical and educational organizations, trade, transport, public utilities and social spheres; persons working on a rotational basis and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation) who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated, have been vaccinated once, and have no information about measles vaccinations	Vaccination against measles, revaccination against measles
Children from 6 months Students of grades 1-11 Students in professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education Adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities and services); persons working on a rotational basis, law enforcement officers and state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border; employees of social service organizations and multifunctional centers; state civil and municipal employees Pregnant women Adults over 60 years of age Persons subject to conscription for military service People with chronic diseases, including lung disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and obesity	Flu vaccination

What is revaccination?

In some cases, vaccine immunity lasts until the end of life after the first vaccination, but more often, in order to achieve the desired effect, you need to undergo revaccination (repeated administration of the vaccine) in time, sometimes more than one. Revaccination is carried out at strict intervals: a certain amount of time must pass between the first and subsequent applications of the vaccine, depending on the type of vaccination.

Important! Adults also need revaccination against some diseases: annually against influenza, every 10 years against diphtheria and tetanus. Young women planning a pregnancy may need to be vaccinated against rubella and measles if they have not had the disease, were not vaccinated, or received only one dose of the vaccine as a child.

Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

With changes and additions from June 16, 2021, April 13, 2017, February 19, 2021, December 9, 2021, February 3, 2021.

Categories of citizens subject to mandatory vaccination	Name of preventive vaccination
Persons living in territories enzootic for tularemia, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, drainage, construction, other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of tularemia.	Against tularemia
Persons living in areas enzootic for plague. Persons working with live cultures of the plague pathogen.	Against the plague
In foci of goat-sheep type brucellosis, persons performing the following work: on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where livestock diseases with brucellosis are registered; for the slaughter of livestock suffering from brucellosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it. Livestock breeders, veterinarians, livestock specialists in farms enzootic for brucellosis. Read also: What Nalgesin helps with, dosage regimens, where to buy Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of brucellosis.	Against brucellosis
Persons performing the following work: livestock workers and other persons professionally engaged in pre-slaughter livestock maintenance, as well as slaughter, skinning and cutting of carcasses; collection, storage, transportation and primary processing of raw materials of animal origin; agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition in anthrax-enzootic territories. Persons working with material suspected of being infected with anthrax.	Against anthrax
For preventive purposes, people at high risk of contracting rabies are vaccinated: persons working with the “street” rabies virus; veterinary workers; huntsmen, hunters, foresters; persons performing work on catching and keeping animals.	Against rabies
Persons performing the following work: on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms located in areas enzootic for leptospirosis; for the slaughter of livestock with leptospirosis, procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from animals with leptospirosis; on catching and keeping stray animals. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of leptospirosis.	Against leptospirosis
Persons living in areas where tick-borne viral encephalitis is endemic; persons traveling to areas endemic for tick-borne viral encephalitis, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of tick-borne encephalitis.	Against tick-borne viral encephalitis
Persons performing work on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where Q fever diseases are registered. Persons performing work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in enzootic areas with Q fever. Persons working with live cultures of Q fever pathogens.	Against Q fever
Persons traveling outside the Russian Federation to countries (regions) enzootic for yellow fever. Persons working with live cultures of the yellow fever pathogen.	Against yellow fever
Persons traveling to cholera-prone countries (regions). The population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event of complications of the sanitary and epidemiological situation regarding cholera in neighboring countries, as well as on the territory of the Russian Federation.	Against cholera
Persons engaged in the field of municipal improvement (workers servicing sewer networks, structures and equipment, as well as organizations carrying out sanitary cleaning of populated areas, collection, transportation and disposal of household waste). Persons working with live cultures of typhoid pathogens. Population living in areas with chronic water epidemics of typhoid fever. Persons traveling to hyperendemic countries (regions) for typhoid fever. Contact persons in areas of typhoid fever for epidemic indications. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened region.	Against typhoid fever
Persons living in regions disadvantaged by the incidence of hepatitis A, as well as persons at occupational risk of infection (medical workers, public service workers employed in food industry enterprises, as well as those servicing water supply and sewerage facilities, equipment and networks). Persons traveling to disadvantaged countries (regions) where outbreaks of hepatitis A are registered. Contact persons in hepatitis A outbreaks.	Against viral hepatitis A
Employees of medical organizations (their structural divisions) with an infectious disease profile. Persons engaged in the field of public catering and municipal improvement. Children attending preschool educational organizations and going to organizations providing treatment, rehabilitation and (or) recreation (as indicated). According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened region. Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal increase in the incidence of shigellosis.	Against shigellosis
Children and adults in areas of meningococcal infection caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Vaccination is carried out in endemic regions, as well as in the event of an epidemic caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Persons subject to conscription for military service.	Against meningococcal infection
Contact persons without age restrictions from the outbreaks of the disease, who have not previously been ill, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against measles or have been vaccinated once.	Against measles
Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against viral hepatitis B.	Against viral hepatitis B
Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against diphtheria.	Against diphtheria
Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against mumps.	Against mumps
Contact persons in foci of polio, including those caused by wild poliovirus (or if the disease is suspected): children from 3 months to 18 years - once; medical workers - once; children arriving from polio-endemic countries (regions), from 3 months to 15 years - once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if they are absent); persons without a fixed place of residence (if identified) from 3 months to 15 years - once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if they are absent); persons who had contact with people arriving from countries (regions) endemic (unaffected) with polio, from 3 months of life without age limit - once; persons working with live poliovirus, with materials infected (potentially infected) with wild poliovirus without age restrictions - once upon hiring.	Against polio
Children aged 2 to 5 years, adults belonging to risk groups (persons subject to conscription for military service, people over 60 years old, suffering from chronic lung diseases, people over working age, living in social service organizations).	Against pneumococcal infection
Children for active vaccination to prevent diseases caused by rotaviruses.	Against rotavirus infection
Children and adults from risk groups, including those subject to conscription for military service, who have not previously been vaccinated and have not had chickenpox.	Against chicken pox
Children who were not vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae in the first year of life.	Against hemophilus influenzae
Level 1 priority includes: persons aged 60 years and older; adults working in certain professions and positions: employees of medical, educational organizations, social service organizations and multifunctional centers; persons living in social service organizations; persons with chronic diseases, including diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity; citizens living in cities with a population of 1 million or more. Level 2 priority includes: adults working in certain professions and positions: employees of transport and energy organizations, law enforcement officers, state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border; persons working on a rotational basis; volunteers; military personnel; employees of service organizations. Level 3 priority includes: state civil and municipal employees; students studying in professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education over 18 years of age; persons subject to conscription for military service.	Against coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus

Why is it important to vaccinate children?

Vaccination is needed to protect a child from dangerous diseases that can cause severe complications, disability or even death. Thus, polio threatens paralysis, measles - encephalitis, pneumococcal infection - pneumonia and meningitis. Many parents, when deciding to vaccinate, are afraid of post-vaccination complications, but they are much less common than the severe consequences of the diseases against which children are vaccinated. Not to mention the drug burden on the liver, kidneys and other internal organs during treatment for vaccine-preventable infections.

There are no effective treatments for some infections. For other diseases, existing treatment may be ineffective (pathogens are increasingly developing resistance to antibiotics every year), and the child may suffer. Completing mandatory vaccinations is the most reliable prevention of such tragedies.

The baby's first months of life are protected from infections by the mother's antibodies, obtained through the placenta and with milk during breastfeeding, but this protection is not enough and weakens over time. Vaccinating children helps protect them from dangerous diseases. Even if the baby grows up in a safe environment, the risk of contracting dangerous infections remains. It will not be possible to completely control all his contacts, to exclude being with other people in the premises and the transmission of pathogens.

Important! In Russia, vaccines against major diseases are free. They are administered to children according to a specific schedule - the national vaccination calendar. A full course of vaccination allows you to build immunity against the twelve most dangerous infectious diseases. Vaccination of children is carried out under mandatory medical supervision, taking into account a number of conditions: health status, contraindications, allergies. This eliminates the risk of complications and forms stable immunity.

You should not refuse vaccinations also because this entails a number of restrictions:

In the event of an epidemic threat, schools and kindergartens may refuse to allow unvaccinated children to attend. If quarantines are introduced sequentially for different reasons, and the incubation periods of diseases are long, the period of isolation can be up to several months. Violation of quarantine for a baby who has not been vaccinated is dangerous due to an increased risk of infection;
a child who has not received polio vaccine should be separated from children vaccinated with oral polio vaccine for 60 days (live polio vaccine virus can be transmitted from child to child and is extremely rarely capable of causing symptoms of the disease if the child has not previously received an inactivated vaccine);
a child without mandatory vaccinations may be prohibited from entering some countries.

The consequences of refusing vaccination can come back to haunt you in adulthood. When applying for a job that involves a risk of infection, or in an organization that monitors the health of employees, the applicant will not pass a medical examination.

An additional argument in favor of vaccination is the formation of herd immunity. If at least 80-95% of the population is vaccinated, the infection cannot spread, which means that the risk of getting sick is reduced for everyone, including those who cannot get vaccinated due to contraindications (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. How herd immunity is formed. A - there are no vaccinated people, and the infection affects almost everyone. B - There are few vaccinated people, almost all unvaccinated people get sick. C - there are many vaccinated people, the infection does not spread well. Source

Vaccination against meningococcus for adults and children

Allows you to protect against meningococcal meningitis - the most dangerous of all types of airborne meningitis. Children are most vulnerable to the disease, but people of any age can get sick.

At-risk groups:

children under 5 years old,
teenagers 13-17 years old,
persons over 60 years old,
travelers.

Meningitis is unpredictable and therefore dangerous, because often healthy children without obvious signs of risk get sick, and the disease can take the life of a child in the first day from the onset of the disease. Every 5th case of the disease leads to complications (deafness, blindness, developmental delay, epilepsy, amputation of limbs, etc.).

A teenager and young adult can become a carrier of meningococcus, which will serve as a source of infection for children.

With vaccination, you can protect yourself and your child and prevent the development of a dangerous disease. The MENACTRA vaccine does not contain live bacteria, so it is used even for the youngest children from 9 months.

What do vaccines consist of?

The goal of a vaccine is to mimic a disease without causing its symptoms. In this case, the human immune system reacts to the vaccine as to an infection, developing protection against wild pathogens (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. How vaccines work. A - individual parts of bacteria and viruses (antigens - green triangles in the figure) are recognized by our immune system, after which the body begins to resist infection. B - vaccines contain whole cells of pathogens, or their individual antigens, and the vaccine cannot cause disease. C - when antigens are introduced into the body, our immune system generates specific protective antibodies (Y in the figure). D - if we encounter an infection in the future, the body will be able to quickly recognize the pathogen by its antigens, the disease will not develop. Source

Vaccines can be based on:

live, weakened viruses or bacteria (wild microorganisms are grown in the laboratory in cell cultures until they lose the ability to cause disease),
killed whole viruses or bacteria (microorganisms are inactivated with formaldehyde or heating),
individual antigens are parts of microorganisms that are recognized by our immune system (these can be proteins or polysaccharides of the cell wall of microorganisms or neutralized toxins that bacteria release into the environment).

It is these components that provoke an immune response, “teaching” the body to recognize the pathogen and destroy it. Some vaccines protect against several infections at once (for example, the three-part vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus).

In addition, vaccines may contain adjuvant substances (they are designed to enhance the effect of drugs), stabilizers, preservatives and antibiotics.

Vaccination against viral hepatitis A (Botkin's disease)

Hepatitis A is transmitted through contaminated food and water (poor water supply, food contamination, poor sanitation), and is common in regions with hot climates (Turkey, Egypt, Asian countries, and other “warm” places). Therefore, when traveling, it is important to be especially careful and carefully observe the rules of hygiene.

Vaccination against hepatitis A is noted by WHO as mandatory for visiting a number of countries. Periodically, outbreaks of the disease occur in Russia.

It is important to remember that there are “anicteric” forms of the disease, which complicates timely diagnosis and treatment and leads to complications.

The Havrix inactivated vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) will help prevent infection.

Are there risks?

Although the safety of each vaccine is strictly monitored, adverse reactions and complications cannot be ruled out when vaccinating children.

The most common undesirable effects after the administration of vaccines are not dangerous, pass quickly and do not require special treatment. This is redness at the injection site, fever, drowsiness, etc.

Complications are very rare (in 1% of cases, and severe ones are even less common) and are usually associated with defects in the immune system, allergic reactions, genetic predisposition, or the fact that the vaccine was given against the background of an acute respiratory viral infection. Before vaccination, the pediatrician must examine the child and only then issue a referral for vaccination.

Contraindications to vaccination may be:

chronic disease or disease in the acute phase,
suppressed immunity (for example, due to HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy),
neurological disorders,
poor vaccine tolerance in the past,
presence of allergies to vaccine components.

A complete list of contraindications is always indicated in the instructions for the vaccine product.

To further reduce the risk of complications, it is recommended:

do not introduce new foods into the diet several days before and after vaccination, avoid contact with allergens;
half an hour after the vaccine is administered, stay near the office or hospital in case an allergy develops, so that medical assistance can be quickly provided;
follow the recommendations of the pediatrician and other doctors, report problems with the baby’s health after vaccination;
2 weeks before vaccination, it is advisable to avoid contact with infectious patients.

Chickenpox vaccination

With direct contact with an infected person, a child becomes infected in 90% of cases, but a patient can become infected with chickenpox 2 days before the rash appears, that is, even before visible symptoms appear.

Chicken pox can cause serious complications in both children and adults (in adults, more often pneumonia; in children, encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, hepatitis, myocarditis, vasculitis, arthritis, orchitis, glomerulonephritis). The disease is especially dangerous for pregnant women, newborns and people with weakened immune systems.

If you have known contact with a patient, you need to urgently - within 96 hours - get vaccinated (emergency vaccination) in order to prevent the development of the disease. However, it is safer and safer to schedule vaccination in advance.

What is a vaccination calendar?
What should a child be vaccinated and when?
In what cases are test results required for admission to vaccination?
Why do children need to be vaccinated so early? Is it possible to postpone vaccination?
In what cases should vaccination not be carried out?
How does a reaction to a vaccine differ from complications?
Is it possible to get sick from a vaccine against the disease against which it is given?
Why should I vaccinate my child if everyone around me is vaccinated?
“I heard a story: a healthy child was vaccinated, and after that he became seriously ill and became disabled”
Why get vaccinated against chickenpox? After all, this is a mild childhood illness.
The meningococcal vaccine is very expensive. Is it really necessary?
Why is it better to choose a vaccine with a component that protects against Haemophilus influenzae infection?
Why is it necessary to vaccinate a child against pneumococcus?
We have never heard of the rotavirus vaccine. Why is it needed?
How many vaccines can be given at one time?
What should be the intervals between vaccinations?

Tips for parents

If the temperature rises after vaccination, the child needs rest and plenty of fluids.
Photo: vodolej / Depositphotos For parents who are about to vaccinate their child, these tips can help:

Even before vaccination, you can ask your doctor about medications that will help mitigate possible unwanted reactions. It is also recommended that you ask your specialist about the side effects for each vaccine.
After vaccination, it is better to sit with the child for 30 minutes near the vaccination office. Then, if anaphylaxis develops, the child will receive immediate help.
At elevated temperatures after vaccination, doctors recommend giving children more liquid: compotes, juices or plain water.

You should also not confuse side effects with minor, temporary adverse reactions, which you can easily cope with on your own without resorting to additional medical help. If such reactions occur, it is important not to panic and act according to the recommendations received from the pediatrician before vaccination (video 1).

Video 1. Problems after vaccination: advice for parents. N.E. talks about post-vaccination effects. Tkachenko, head of the department of vaccine prevention at the Scientific Center for Children's Health.

Is it possible to vaccinate unscheduled?

The vaccination schedule can be changed, for example, if you are planning a trip with a child. In this case, the pediatrician will advise on the new dates on an individual basis. And yet doctors advise not to violate the established scheme. Catch-up vaccination requires strict adherence to intervals between vaccinations. If the vaccination course is extended, it may be less effective.

Sources

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 125n “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.”
Moscow City Health Department. Regional calendar of childhood preventive vaccinations.
Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Tomsk Region. Recommendations for parents whose children are eligible for vaccination.
Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Tomsk Region. Everyone should know this! Questions and answers on vaccination.
FBUZ “Center for Hygienic Education of the Population” of Rospotrebnadzor. Medical treatment for vaccinations.