What does a high ESR show in a blood test in women after 50 years, an increased ESR in a child?

Indications for testing

Blood is one of the most informative resources of the human body. By sending it for laboratory testing, the vast majority of diseases can be diagnosed with high accuracy. Clinical analysis contains many indicators, each of which reflects a specific process and function and serves as an important diagnostic criterion. However, despite the abundance of examinations, the most common and in demand at the MedArt clinic is a general blood test (ESR).

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is the most important indicator, often confirming the presence of inflammation or other pathology (in the acute and latent stages). The mechanism of this analysis is quite simple, so you don’t need to spend several days to get the result. Red blood cells are much heavier than plasma and other cellular elements, and therefore, by placing blood in a vertically placed test tube, after a certain period of time a specific sediment will form at the bottom of the container, and a translucent liquid will appear at the top.

This is a completely natural phenomenon that occurs as a result of gravity. Red blood cells can stick together, forming entire colonies that settle to the bottom much faster than individual elements. This is due to the larger mass, which may indicate a problem.

Hormonal blood test

A laboratory blood test, which is carried out to study the functioning of the endocrine system and identify diseases of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, genital organs and others.

Due date and how to prepare

A hormonal blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein. 1 day before the test you need to give up smoking, alcohol and physical activity. 7 days before this test, you must stop taking hormonal medications. In women, blood is taken for hormonal analysis on days 5-7 of the cycle, counting from the first day of menstruation.

Metrics collected

Thyroid hormones:

T3 (triiodothyronine);
T4 (thyroxine);
Antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG).

Sex hormones:

Testosterone (male sex hormone);
Estrogens (female sex hormones).

Pituitary hormones:

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone);
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone);
LH (luteinizing hormone);
Prolactin;
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).

Adrenal hormones:

DEA-s (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate);
Aldosterone;
Cortisol.

When planning pregnancy:

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
- responsible for the growth of the egg;
LH (luteinizing hormone)
- ensures completion of egg maturation;
Prolactin
- stimulates milk production after childbirth;
Estradiol
- affects all female genital organs;
Progesterone (pregnancy signaling hormone)
- produced after the egg matures and is important for the proper course of pregnancy;
DEA-sulfate (DEA-s or DEAS)
.

Decoding the results: norm and deviation

The normal values of the blood parameters studied in each laboratory are different and depend on the gender, age and condition of the patient. Only a doctor can make a correct interpretation of the blood test results and make a diagnosis, taking into account all aspects of the patient’s health. Below are frequently examined blood parameters, their normal values, and what a deviation from the norm may indicate in the general case, and not in the specific case. To obtain an individual interpretation and diagnosis, you should consult a doctor.

Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormone levels:

T3 (triiodothyronine)
: 2.6 - 5.7 pmol/l;
T4 (thyroxine)
: 0.7-1.48 ng/dl;
Antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG)
: 0-4.11 U/ml.

Abnormalities in thyroid hormones may indicate:

thyroid diseases;
autoimmune diseases.

Sex hormones

Normal sex hormones:

Testosterone (male sex hormone)
: 4.94 - 32.01 nmol/l (men), 0.38 - 1.97 nmol/l (women);
Estrogens (female sex hormones): progesterone
: 1st phase of the menstrual cycle - 1.0 - 2.2 nM/l; 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle - 23.0 - 30.0 nM/l; for postmenopause - 1.0 - 1.8 nM/l;
estradiol
: 1st phase of the menstrual cycle - 198 - 284 pM/l: 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle - 439 - 570 pM/l; for postmenopause - 51 - 133 pM/l.

Deviations from the norm of sex hormones may indicate:

diseases of the genital organs;
adrenal neoplasms;
cirrhosis of the liver.

Pituitary hormones

Norm of pituitary hormones:

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
: 0.4-4.0 mU/l;
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
: 1.37 - 13.58 mU/ml (men), 0.57 - 8.77 mU/ml (women);
LH (luteinizing hormone)
: 1.26 - 10.05 mU/ml (men), 0.61 to 56.6 mU/ml (women);
Prolactin
: 2.58 - 18.12 ng/ml (men), 1.2 - 29.93 ng/ml (women);
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
: 9-52 pg/ml.

Deviations from the norm of pituitary hormones may indicate:

pituitary diseases;
dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
stress;
pregnancy and breastfeeding;
other conditions.

Adrenal hormones

Normal levels of adrenal hormones:

DEA-s (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate)
: 3591-11907 nmol/l (men), 810-8991 nmol/l (women);
Aldosterone
: 35 - 350 pg/ml;
Cortisol
: 3.7-19.4 mcg/dl.

Abnormalities in adrenal hormones may indicate:

adrenal gland diseases;
stress;
hunger;
other conditions.

Hormones when planning pregnancy

Normal hormone levels when planning pregnancy:

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
: 0.57 – 8.77 mU/ml;
LH (luteinizing hormone)
: 1 - 96.0 mIU/ml;
Prolactin
: 64 - 395 mIU/l;
Estradiol
: 57 - 426 ng/l;
Progesterone (pregnancy signaling hormone)
: 0.2 to 1.5 ng/ml;
DEA-sulfate (DEA-s or DEAS)
: 810-8991 nmol/l (women).

Deviations from normal hormones when planning pregnancy may indicate:

pregnancy;
diseases of the genital organs;
other diseases.

When to take it

You need to take a hormonal blood test:

when prescribed by a doctor;
when planning pregnancy;
to control the course of pregnancy;
if you suspect hormonal disorders;
with unreasonable weight gain;
with an enlarged thyroid gland.

How to prepare for the test

ESR is included in the list of standard indicators that are displayed in all blood tests (general and clinical). However, special attention is paid to it in the following situations:

Diagnosis confirmation
Preventive examination
Evaluation of the effectiveness of prescribed treatment
Infectious and inflammatory pathologies
Autoimmune disorders
Tumors (malignant and benign) of any location

Many pathologies of internal organs are asymptomatic, and often identifying an ESR deviation from the norm becomes a reason to begin a more detailed diagnosis, thanks to which it is possible to identify the problem in the early stages and begin effective treatment. Most often, after any abnormalities are found, an additional biochemical analysis is prescribed, which allows a more detailed study of the bloodstream.

Types of blood tests

There are 5 main types of blood tests:

General clinical blood test
, which is carried out as part of a general clinical examination of the patient. Allows you to assess your overall health and identify a number of problems that will require further diagnosis.
A biochemical blood test
allows you to analyze the functioning of internal organs, metabolism, metabolism and the body’s need for trace elements and vitamins;
Immunological blood test
- detects viral, infectious, oncological and allergic diseases;
A hormonal blood test
allows you to determine the level of hormones and draw conclusions about the correct functioning of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, genital organs and others.
A serological blood test
shows the stage of the infectious process.

Each test examines a number of blood parameters in a laboratory setting. Depending on the purpose of the study, the maximum number of parameters or a small part that is important for identifying violations is studied. Based on the results of the analysis, the patient receives a table with blood parameters and their values, which are then deciphered by the doctor, prescribe additional tests and make a diagnosis.

In addition, there are other tests, for example, blood type and Rh factor. This information is important for serious illnesses such as blood transfusions and organ transplants.

How the research is carried out

The accuracy of this diagnostic method depends on many nuances: proper preparation for the test, the professionalism of the laboratory worker and the quality of the reagents. Subject to these conditions, you can guarantee the most reliable result. And if the person donating blood cannot influence the last 2 points, then the preparatory stage completely depends on him. Despite the fact that in this case no special and complex preparation is required, there are a number of mandatory general rules that are strongly recommended to be followed.

First of all, 1 day before the test, you must stop drinking alcoholic beverages, and also refrain from eating for 4-5 hours. Only drinking plain water is allowed. It is also recommended to quit smoking an hour before the test. Secondly, if the patient takes (on an ongoing basis or only at the moment) any medications, then the doctor must be informed about this in advance. Some medications can distort the results, which is why their use may be stopped and reinstated after donating blood. Thirdly, on the eve of the procedure you should not visit sports or gyms. You should also refrain from intense physical activity and avoid emotional stress.

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Blood chemistry

A laboratory blood test that gives an idea of the condition of internal organs and their functionality. Allows you to evaluate metabolism and find out about the lack of microelements in the body.

Due date and how to prepare

A biochemical blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein. You should not eat 12 hours before the test. You can only drink clean water, but drinks, including tea, coffee and any others, are not allowed. 24 hours before the test you must give up alcohol, smoking and physical activity.

Metrics collected

Glucose
- blood sugar level;
Urea
is a parameter important for assessing kidney function;
Cholesterol
is an element that determines the risk of cardiovascular diseases;
LDL cholesterol
is an element that determines the risk of cardiovascular disease;
HDL cholesterol
is an element that determines the risk of cardiovascular disease;
Residual blood nitrogen
is a parameter important for assessing kidney function;
Atherogenicity coefficient (Ka)
- shows the risk of developing atherosclerosis;
Total bilirubin
is an indicator that may indicate the presence of jaundice;
Total protein
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate liver function;
AST (AST)
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate the work of the heart;
AlAt (ALT)
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate liver function;
Lipase
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate the functioning of the pancreas;
Amylase
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate the functioning of the pancreas;
Gamma-GTP
is an indicator that allows you to evaluate liver function;
Antistreptolysin-O
is an indicator that is used in the diagnosis of rheumatism;
Rheumatic factor
is an indicator that is used in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases;
CRP (C-reactive protein)
is an indicator that can indicate inflammation in the body;
Alkaline phosphatase
is an indicator of many different diseases and health problems;
Albumin
is a protein that performs many functions in the body;
General lipids
are fats that perform structural and regulatory functions in the body;
Triglycerides
are fats that perform structural and energy functions in the body;
Phospholipids
- an indicator that assesses the metabolism of fats in the body, indicating liver and kidney diseases, and indirectly diabetes mellitus;
Protein fractions
are indicators that may indicate inflammatory processes, infectious and other diseases in the body;
Calcium
is an important element for the nervous and cardiovascular systems;
Potassium
is an element that normalizes heart rhythm and regulates water balance;
Sodium
is an element that regulates the volume of extracellular fluid;
Chlorine
is an element that regulates the acid-base balance of the blood;
Iron
is an element important for binding, transporting and transmitting oxygen throughout the body.

: Can lead to disruption of various body functions.

When to take it

A biochemical blood test must be taken:

As prescribed by a doctor;
As part of routine medical examinations and examinations;
To assess the functioning of internal organs and the functionality of the body;
To determine the need for microelements;
For information about metabolism;
After suffering from infectious or somatic diseases.

How to prepare

The duration of the analysis does not exceed 5-10 minutes. As a rule, the procedure is accompanied by slight pain and discomfort in the puncture area, but the discomfort passes very quickly. If capillary blood is needed, then before piercing the third or fourth finger of the left hand, the skin in this place is treated with an alcohol cotton ball. After this, using a special medical blade, a small incision is made on the fingertip (its depth does not exceed 3 millimeters). The resulting drop of blood is disposed of with a sterile napkin, after which the laboratory assistant proceeds to collect the biomaterial. Having collected the required amount, the wound surface is lubricated with an antiseptic, and a cotton swab with alcohol is applied to the puncture site.

If the analysis involves taking biomaterial from a vein, then the patient’s forearm is tightened with a medical tourniquet or strap, after which he must work a little with his fist (clench and unclench) for better vascular filling. The site of the intended puncture is treated with an alcohol wipe, after which a needle is inserted into the selected vessel, to which a test tube is connected to collect the released blood. Having collected a sufficient amount of biomaterial, the needle is removed, and a cotton swab with alcohol is applied to the wound.

To calculate ESR, an anticoagulant is placed in the biological material to prevent clotting. Then it is sent to a vertical container for 60 minutes. Since the specific gravity of red blood cells exceeds the weight of plasma, gravity forces them down to the bottom of the container. Because of this, 2 visible layers are formed in the test tube: the upper (colorless plasma) and the lower (erythrocyte accumulations). Then the laboratory assistant takes measurements of the top layer. The indicator corresponding to the mark between the red blood cells and the plasma zone on the test tube scale is ESR (indicated in mm/h).

Today there are 2 main ways to detect ESR:

Panchenkov's method. The capillary is divided into exactly one hundred compartments, and later 5% sodium citrate is added to it to the “P” level. Then the capillary is filled with biomaterial up to the letter “K”. The resulting mixture is mixed and installed vertically. The assessment takes place after 60 minutes.
Westergren method. Here, venous blood is used, mixed with sodium citrate 3.8% in a ratio of 4:1. It can be mixed with Trilot B followed by the addition of sodium citrate or saline solution in an amount of 4:1. The study is carried out in test tubes equipped with a 200 mm scale. The result is assessed after 60 minutes. This technique is used everywhere, and its main distinguishing feature is the type of test tubes and measuring scale used.

Despite the coincidence of the results of these methods, the Westergren method is famous for its greater sensitivity to exceeding the ESR indicator, and therefore it is considered highly accurate and informative.

Serological blood test

A laboratory blood test that involves the interaction of antibodies and antigens. It is carried out to identify infectious diseases and the stage of the infectious process.

Due date and how to prepare

A hormonal blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein.

Serological blood test methods

To confirm the diagnosis, an antigen corresponding to the suspected disease is added to the blood serum, and if there is a reaction, then there are antibodies to the disease and the patient is sick.
To determine the type of infection, antibodies of the expected type are added to the serum, and if there is a reaction, then there is an infection in the blood that corresponds to the added antibodies.

What is the result of a serological blood test?

The analysis provides an answer to whether there is a suspected infection in the human body.

When to take it

when prescribed by a doctor;
if you suspect a certain infection;
to prescribe the correct treatment.

MCH norm indicators

The figure varies depending on gender and age. For newborns (up to 1 month), ESR ranges from 1 to 2 mm/h. These limits are explained by reduced protein concentration. From 1 month to six months it ranges from 12 to 17 mm/h. This sharp increase in the norm is explained by age-related processes that occur in the growing body. Then the data is stabilized - for a child under 10 years of age, normal limits are considered to be numbers from 1 to 10 mm/h.

Since blood viscosity has several gender differences, the ESR rate will be different for men and women. For representatives of the fair sex from 10 to 50 years old, the acceptable limits are 0-20 mm/h, and from 50 years old - from 0 to 30 mm/h. The number may change during pregnancy, which is normal, but requires monitoring by your attending physician. In men from 10 to 50 years old, this figure should be from 0 to 15 mm/h, and over 50 years old - from 0 to 20 mm/h.

Age, years	ESR norm
Baby up to 1 month	1-2 mm/h
Child 1 month – 6 months	12-17 mm/h
Child under 10 years old	1-10 mm/h
Woman 10-50	0-20 mm/h
Woman over 50	0-30 mm/h
Male 10-50	0-15 mm/h
Man over 50	0-20 mm/h

The final result is influenced by many factors: improper preparation, anxiety, taking medications and much more. In addition, the value may even depend on the time of day. As a rule, the maximum is determined around noon.

General clinical blood test

It is carried out as part of a general clinical examination of the patient and allows you to learn about the condition of the blood and the body as a whole. The main indicators of this analysis are: hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes (white blood cells), erythrocytes (red blood cells) and platelets (nuclear-free plates of blood responsible for clotting).

Due date and how to prepare

A general blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach, often from a finger, less often from a vein. You should not drink or eat 4 hours before the test.

Metrics collected

Now a general blood test is carried out on automatic hematological analyzers, which can simultaneously determine values from 5 to 24 parameters.

The main indicators collected are:

Hemoglobin (HGB - hemoglobin)
- the main component that is involved in the transfer of oxygen in the blood from the lungs to organs and tissues, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs, is the blood pigment of red blood cells.
Red blood cells (RBC - red blood cells)
are red blood cells that carry oxygen in the blood to organs and tissues.
Leukocytes (WBC - white blood cells)
are white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that carry out immune control and protect the body from foreign cells.
Thrombocytes (PLT - platelets)
are nuclear-free platelets of blood responsible for clotting.
Lymphocytes (LYM - lymphocyte)
are cells of the immune system that respond to viruses and microbes.
Monocytes (MON - monocyte)
are large cells of the immune system.
Hematocrit (HCT - hematocrit)
is the volume of red blood cells in the blood.
Blood color index (BI)
, demonstrating the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
, which, if deviated from the norm, may indicate a pathological condition of the body.
Various erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelet indices
.

Decoding the results: norm and deviation

Hemoglobin (HGB - hemoglobin)

Normal hemoglobin level in blood:

Men:

from 12 to 15 years: 120 - 160 g/l;
from 15 to 18 years: 117 - 166 g/l;
from 18 to 45 years: 132 - 173 g/l;
from 45 to 65 years: 131 - 172 g/l;
over 65 years old: 126 - 174 g/l.

Women:

from 12 to 15 years: 115 - 150 g/l;
from 15 to 18 years: 117 - 153 g/l;
from 18 to 45 years: 117 - 155 g/l;
from 45 to 65 years: 117 - 160 g/l;
over 65 years old: 120 - 161 g/l.

Children:

up to 2 weeks: 134 - 198 g/l;
from 2 to 4.3 weeks: 107 - 171 g/l;
from 4.3 to 8.6 weeks: 94 - 130 g/l;
from 8.6 weeks to 4 months: 103 - 141 g/l;
at 4 to 6 months: 111 - 141 g/l;
from 6 to 9 months: 114 - 140 g/l;
from 9 to 1 year: 113 - 141 g/l;
from 1 year to 5 years: 100 - 140 g/l;
from 5 years to 10 years: 115 - 145 g/l;
from 10 to 12 years: 120 - 150 g/l;

Deviation of hemoglobin in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

overhydration - increased water content in the body due to impaired water-salt metabolism;
anemia - disruption of the oxygen transport function in the body and the development of hypoxia.

when increasing by:

dehydration - loss of water in the body;
polycythemia vera - increased blood viscosity and decreased blood flow;
excessive smoking.

Red blood cells (RBC - red blood cells)

Norm of red blood cells in the blood:

Men:

from 12 - 18 years: 4.5 - 5.3 * 10^12/l;
over 18 years old: 4.0 - 5.0 * 10^12/l.

Women:

from 12 - 18 years: 4.1 - 5.1 * 10^12/l;
over 18 years old: 3.5 - 4.7 * 10^12/l.

Children:

newborn: 3.9 - 5.5 * 10^12/l;
from 1 to 3 days: 4.0 - 6.6 * 10^12/l;
in 1 week: 3.9 - 6.3 * 10^12/l;
in week 2: 3.6 - 6.2 * 10^12/l;
at 1 month: 3.0 - 5.4 * 10^12/l;
in the 2nd month: 2.7 - 4.9 * 10^12/l;
from 3 to 6 months: 3.1 - 4.5 * 10^12/l;
from 6 months to 2 years: 3.7 - 5.3 * 10^12/l;
from 2 to 6 years: 3.9 - 5.3 * 10^12/l;
from 6 to 12 years: 4.0 - 5.2 * 10^12/l.

Normal erythrocyte indices:

MCV
: 80 - 95 fl - average erythrocyte volume;
MCH
: 27 - 31 pg - average hemoglobin content in an individual red blood cell;
MCHC
: 320 - 360 g/l - average hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocyte mass;
RDW
: 11.5% - 14.5% - red blood cell distribution width;
RDW-SD
: 37 - 54 fl - deviation of the distribution of red blood cells by volume;
RDW-CV
: 11.5 - 14.5% (adults), 14.9 - 18.7% (children up to 6 months) and 11.6 - 14.8% (children over 6 months) - deviation of red blood cell size from averages;
P-LCR
: 13 - 43% - large platelet ratio;
ESR
: 10 mm/hour (men), 15 mm/hour (women) - erythrocyte sedimentation rate, deviation of which from the norm may indicate a pathological or inflammatory process in the body.

Deviation of red blood cells from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

anemia;
blood loss;
pregnancy;
overhydration;
decrease in the intensity of red blood cell formation in the bone marrow;
therapy with diuretics;
accelerated destruction of red blood cells.

when increasing by:

burn;
diarrhea;
hydrocele of the renal pelvis;
true polycythemia;
Cushing's syndrome;
neoplasms;
steroid use;
the effect of corticosteroids;
taking diuretics.

Leukocytes (WBC - white blood cells)

Norm of leukocytes in the blood:

Men and women:

from 16 years and older: 4.0 - 9.0 * 10^9/l.

Children:

up to 1 year: 6.0 - 17.5 * 10^9/l;
from 1 year to 2 years: 6.0 - 17.0 * 10^9/l;
from 2 to 4 years: 5.5 - 15.5 * 10^9/l;
from 4 to 6 years: 5.0 - 14.5 * 10^9/l;
from 6 to 10 years: 4.5 - 13.5 * 10^9/l;
from 10 to 16 years: 4.5 - 13.0 * 10^9/l.

Norm of leukocyte indices:

LYM% (LY%)
: 25 - 40% - relative content of lymphocytes;
LYM# (LY#)
: 1.2 - 3.0 * 10^9/l (1.2-3.0 x 10^3/μl) - absolute lymphocyte content;
MXD% (MID%)
: 5 - 10% - the relative content of a mixture of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils;
MXD# (MID#)
: 0.2 - 0.8 * 10^9/l - absolute content of a mixture of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils;
NEUT% (NE%)
: 40% - 75% - relative content of neutrophils;
NEUT# (NE#)
: 2 - 7.5 * 10^9/l - absolute content of neutrophils;
MON% (MO%)
: 4 - 11% - relative content of monocytes;
MON# (MO#)
: 0.1 - 0.6 * 10^9 cells/l - absolute content of monocytes;
EO%
: 1 - 5% - relative content of eosinophils;
EO#
: 0.4 * 109/l - absolute eosinophil content;
BA%
: less than 1% - relative content of basophils;
BA#
: 0 - 0.08 * 10^9/l - absolute content of basophils;
IMM%
: 1 - 5% - relative content of immature granulocytes;
IMM#
: 1.2 - 6.8 * 10^9/l - absolute content of immature granulocytes;
ATL%
: less than 5% - the relative content of atypical lymphocytes;
ATL#
: 0.06 - 0.15 * 10^9/l - absolute content of atypical lymphocytes;
GR% (GRAN%)
: 47 - 72% - relative content of granulocytes;
GR# (GRAN#)
: 1.2 - 6.8 * 10^9/l (1.2 - 6.8 * 10^3/μl) - absolute granulocyte content.

Deviation of leukocytes in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

typhus;
viral diseases;
bone marrow diseases and damage;
anaphylactic shock;
leukemia;
viral diseases;
radiation sickness;
Addison-Biermer disease;
collagenosis;
myelodysplastic syndromes;
hypersplenism;
myelofibrosis;
plasmacytoma;
taking certain antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs;
anemia.

when increasing by:

the presence of inflammatory processes in the body;
sepsis;
purulent processes;
tissue injuries;
myocardial infarction;
infectious diseases;
the presence of malignant neoplasms;
last trimester of pregnancy;
period of feeding the baby with breast milk;
great physical activity.

Thrombocytes (PLT - platelets)

Normal platelet count in blood:

Men, women and children:

all ages - 180 - 320 * 10^9 cells/l.

Normal platelet indices:

MPV (mean platelet volume): 7 - 10 fL - average platelet volume;
PDW: 9 - 16% - width of platelet distribution by volume;
PCT (platelet crit): 0.108 - 0.282% - the proportion of blood volume occupied by platelets.

Deviation of platelets in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

bronchial asthma;
malaria;
thrombocytopenia;
malignant neoplasm;
Sumter's syndrome.

when increasing by:

essential thrombocythemia

Lymphocytes (LYM - lymphocyte)

Norm of lymphocytes in the blood:

Men and women:

from 16 years and older: 20 - 40%.

Children:

newborns: 15 - 35%;
up to 2 weeks: 22 - 55%;
from 2 weeks to 1 year: 45 - 70%;
from 1 year to 2 years: 37 - 60%;
from 2 to 5 years: 33 - 55%;
from 6 to 7 years: 30 - 50%;
from 8 to 9 years: 30 - 50%;
from 9 to 11 years: 30 - 46%;
from 12 to 15 years: 30 - 45%.

Deviation of lymphocytes in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

autoimmune diseases;
diseases of the nervous system;
HIV infection;
side effects from taking medications.

when increasing by:

viral diseases;
bacterial infections;
fungal diseases;
toxoplasmosis;
tuberculosis;
whooping cough;
vasculitis;
malignant neoplasms;
initial stage of HIV;
excess carbohydrates in the body compared to fats and proteins;
thyroid diseases;
starvation.

Monocytes (MON - monocyte)

Norm of monocytes in the blood:

Men and women:

from 16 years and older: 3 - 9%.

Children:

newborns: 3 - 12%;
up to 2 weeks: 5 - 15%;
from 2 weeks to 1 year: 4 - 10%;
from 1 year to 2 years: 3 - 10%;
from 2 to 5 years: 3 - 9%;
from 6 to 7 years: 3 - 9%;
from 8 to 9 years: 3 - 9%;
from 9 to 11 years: 3 - 9%;
from 12 to 15 years: 3 - 9%.

Deviation of monocytes in the blood from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

use of immunosuppressants;
hereditary diseases.

when increasing by:

stress;
diabetes;
atherosclerosis;
bacterial infections;
malignant neoplasms;
sepsis;
collagenosis;
sarcoidosis

Hematocrit (HCT - hematocrit)

Hematocrit norm:

Men:

from 12 to 15 years: 35 - 45%;
from 15 to 18 years: 37 - 48%;
from 18 to 45 years old: 42 - 50%;
from 45 to 65 years: 39 - 50%;
over 65 years old: 37 - 51%.

Women:

from 12 to 15 years: 34 - 44%;
from 15 to 18 years: 34 - 44%;
from 18 to 45 years old: 38 - 47%;
from 45 to 65 years: 35 - 47%;
over 65 years old: 35 - 47%.

Children:

up to 2 weeks: 41 - 65%;
from 2 to 4.3 weeks: 33 - 55%;
from 4.3 to 8.6 weeks: 28 - 42%;
from 8.6 weeks to 4 months: 32 - 44%;
from 4 to 6 months: 31 - 41%;
from 6 to 9 months: 32 - 40%;
from 9 to 12 months: 33 - 41%;
from 1 year to 3 years: 32 - 40%;
from 3 to 6 years: 32 - 42%;
from 6 to 9 years: 33 - 41%;
from 9 to 12 years: 34 - 43%.

A hematocrit deviation from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

pregnancy;
anemia;
children's age;
hypoproteinemia;
overhydration.

when increasing by:

true polycythemia;
hypoxia;
kidney hydronephrosis;
kidney neoplasm;
polycystic kidney disease;
peritonitis;
burn disease;
leukemia;
dehydration.

Blood color index (BC)

Normal blood color index:

Men, women and children:

all ages: 0.9 - 1.1.

A deviation of the blood color indicator from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

anemia;
purulent infections;
cirrhosis of the liver;
tuberculosis;
Iron-deficiency anemia;
iron-saturated hypochromia;
malignant neoplasms;
thalassemia;
microcytosis.

when increasing by:

lack of vitamin B12;
lack of folic acid;
dysbacteriosis;
chronic pancreatitis;
stomach diseases;
diseases of the small intestine;
cirrhosis of the liver;
long-term treatment with glucose-lowering drugs;
long-term treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs;
poor nutrition.

When to take it

A general clinical blood test must be taken:

As prescribed by a doctor;
As a preventative measure to assess general health;
As part of routine medical examinations and examinations.

Increasing ESR

A similar result may be caused by the following pathologies:

Infection or inflammation.
Connective tissue diseases (RA, SLE, vasculitis, etc.).
Burn disease.
Neoplasms of different etiology and localization.
Myocardial infarction. In the post-infarction period, the maximum occurs after about 7 days (in this case, you need to contact a vascular surgeon).
Anemia. These diseases are characterized by a decrease in red blood cells and an increase in their sedimentation rate.
Injury.
Amyloidosis (a pathology characterized by the formation of a pathological protein - amyloid).

Despite the discrepancy between normal limits, if a complete blood count of ESR showed an increase in this indicator, this does not necessarily indicate the presence of a problem. This result also occurs in healthy individuals: in women during the menstrual cycle, during pregnancy, or in overweight individuals. This also occurs when taking a number of medications, so you should consult your doctor in advance.

Immunological blood test

A laboratory blood test that examines blood serum obtained by centrifugation. The presence and level of antibodies are detected in the serum to determine infectious diseases, allergies, parasitic infestations, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency states of the body and neoplasms. An immunological blood test detects infections such as syphilis, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV, AIDS, measles, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, mumps, toxoplasmosis, rubella, coronaviruses, COVID-19 and many others.

Due date and how to prepare

An immunological blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach from a vein. You should not eat 12 hours before the test. Avoid alcoholic drinks for 3 days. Avoid solariums and x-rays for 2 days. Don't stress in 1 day. No smoking for 1 hour. You should not do the test during menstruation.

Metrics collected

General indicators of immunological blood test:

Subpopulations of lymphocytes
are different types of white blood cells that recognize various foreign structures, altered body cells and produce antibodies to destroy them. The indicators of this group give a general idea of the state of immunity.
Immunoglobulins
- various types of antibodies, the purpose of which is to destroy infections and toxins. The presence of certain antibodies in the blood indicates the infections they are fighting against. Main types of immunoglobulins:
M (IgM)
- responsible for the body’s primary defense reaction;
G (IgG)
- responsible for the main fight against infections that have entered the body;
E (IgE)
and
D (IgD)
- responsible for the fight against parasites and allergens.

Decoding the results: norm and deviation

Lymphocyte subpopulations

Norm of lymphocyte subpopulation for adults:

T-lymphocytes (CD3+)
: 0.8 - 2.2 * 10^9/l (60 - 80%);
Ratio CD3+CD4+ / CD3+CD8+
: 1,0 — 2,5;
NK cells (CD3-CD16/56+)
: 6 — 20%;
% activated T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+)
: 3 — 19%;
T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+)
: 0.3 - 0.9 * 10^9/l;
CD3+CD4+CD8+
: less than 3%;
% activated T helper cells (CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+)
: 2 — 9%;
T-helpers (CD3+CD4+)
: 0.5 - 1.4 * 10^9/l;
% activated T lymphocytes (CD3+HLA-DR+)
: 3 — 10%;
CD3+CD4-CD8
: less than 7%;
T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+)
: 19 — 35%;
% cytolytic T lymphocytes (CD3+CD16/56+)
: 0 — 10%;
B lymphocytes (CD19+)
: 7 — 19%;
NK cells (CD3-CD16/56+)
: 0.1 - 0.4 * 10^9/l;
B-lymphocytes (CD19+)
: 0.1 - 0.4 * 10^9/l;
T helper cells (CD3+CD4+)
: 33 — 52%.

An abnormal lymphocyte subpopulation may indicate:

autoimmune diseases;
viral infections;
bacterial infections;
neoplasms;
poisoning;
radioactive exposure;
other health problems.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Norm:

0.6-4.5 g/l.

Deviation of A (IgA) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

toxic poisoning;
cirrhosis of the liver;
radiation sickness.

when increasing by:

arthritis;
inflammatory processes in the liver.
multiple myeloma;
glomerulonephritis;
skin diseases;
diseases of the digestive system;
respiratory tract diseases.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Norm:

0.25 - 2.5 g/l.

Deviation of M (IgM) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

poisoning;
immunosuppressants in the body;
radiation sickness.

when increasing by:

viral or bacterial infections;
parasites;
autoimmune processes.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Norm:

5.4 - 18.22 g/l.

Deviation of G (IgG) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

poisoning;
cirrhosis of the liver;
immunosuppressants;
radiation sickness.

when increasing by:

viral diseases;
bacterial diseases;
fungal diseases;
poisoning by toxins.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and D (IgD)

Norm:

E (IgE)
: 0 - 100 IU/ml;
D (IgD)
: 0 to 0.07 g/l.

Deviation of E (IgE) and D (IgD) from the norm may indicate:

when decreasing by:

immunodeficiency;
immunosuppressants.

when increasing by:

parasites;
allergies.

When to take it

An immunological blood test must be taken:

As prescribed by a doctor;
If you suspect a viral or bacteriological infection in the body;
If you suspect an allergy;
If neoplasms are suspected;
If a fungal infection is suspected;
If parasites are suspected.

Decrease in ESR

A reduced erythrocyte sedimentation rate often signals the presence of water-salt metabolism disorders or active muscular dystrophy. This is often a symptom of erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, hereditary spherocytosis, hepatitis and DIC syndrome. In addition, a similar result is characteristic of polycythemia and the conditions leading to it (CHF or damage to the pulmonary system). Low ESR can also be a consequence of fasting, vegetarianism, taking a number of steroid hormones, and is also often detected in the 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy.

You can take an ESR test and undergo other hematological tests at our MedArt medical center. With the help of modern equipment, you can find out absolutely accurate indicators, and highly qualified workers will competently advise you on this or that issue.

Indicator Definition Value

Analysis of ESR in a child gives an idea of the state of red blood cells in the body based on their sedimentation rate. At the time of blood sampling, these blood cells aggregate, sticking to each other, and thereby precipitating. After an hour, the blood is divided into two levels: plasma on top, red blood cells below. The height of the erythrocyte-free part is the value that you will receive as an indicator of the ESR reaction on the standard analysis form. Previously, ESR stood for ROE - erythrocyte sedimentation reaction, and there is some truth in this, but in modern medicine such an abbreviation is not used.

The state of plasma and red blood cells affects ESR: concentration, viscosity, pH, hemoglobin, content of trace elements. By changes in these characteristics, doctors judge the development of pathology at the earliest stages, which is especially valuable in newborns and infants. But the ESR in a child at 3 years old and at 5 years old is different, they a priori should mean different age-related characteristics of the child’s body, therefore, usually children of all ages are prescribed a blood test for ESR during preventive examinations, so as not to miss the onset of the disease. In addition, ESR is informative in cases of suspected appendicitis; it is used in the differential diagnosis of tumors, heart and kidney diseases, and autoimmune pathological processes.

And in the case when it is difficult to make a diagnosis, a small patient complains of headaches or digestive problems, loses appetite, but no symptoms are observed, ESR comes to the rescue, recording inflammation. But this analysis is purely auxiliary; it does not guarantee an accurate diagnosis, so it must be used as part of a comprehensive examination. ESR has another important role. It monitors the dynamics of the little patient’s condition and as soon as the cause of the inflammation is eliminated, the ESR returns to normal.

Reasons for low values in a child

For unknown reasons, doctors are not always concerned about a decrease in ESR. But such a blood reaction, although it does not focus attention on the risk of developing inflammation, does not indicate well-being in the body. A low reaction is recorded in the following cases:

Dehydration due to serious somatic diseases: oncology, epilepsy, pathology of the heart and blood vessels, hematopoietic disorders, viral hepatitis.
Loss of fluid in case of intoxication, accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting (poisoning).
Hereditary pathology that can lower ESR.
The child does not receive enough protein food (sometimes this happens in families of vegetarians) due to an unbalanced diet, which may indicate an unscrupulous attitude of parents towards the baby’s health.
Taking medications (aspirin, calcium chloride, for example) can greatly reduce the indicator.
A physiological decrease in ESR occurs in the first two weeks of a baby’s life.

Thus, the seriousness of the reasons contributing to the decrease in ESR should be the reason for re-analysis of the biological fluid and careful monitoring of the baby.

Indications for the purpose of analysis

ESR is not decisive in making a diagnosis, but plays an important auxiliary role and is recommended for use when:

High temperature of unknown origin (adenoids, allergies, tonsillitis, bronchitis, otitis media).
Suspicion of infection.
Identification of neoplasms, both benign and malignant, in order to select adequate therapy.
Before surgery to characterize the blood system.
Medical examination.

Methods for determining ESR in blood

Modern methods for determining ESR in multidisciplinary large clinics differ from the conservative ones still used in district hospitals, which is not of great importance, since the principle of separating blood plasma and red blood cells remains the same everywhere. There are several methods for determining ESR:

Panchenkov's method. It is based on the determination of sedimentation of the mass of red blood cells, the rate of which is dictated by the presence of proteins in them - globulins, oxygen content and a number of other factors. Blood is taken from a finger, pricking it and removing the first drop along with epidermal cells with a sterile swab. The second drop is transferred to a glass slide by a capillary, an anticoagulant is added and placed in a special graduated pipette. After 1 hour, the column of clear liquid is assessed on a scale in mm/hour.
Westergren method. This is a more accurate technique, and it is used in specialized laboratories to identify latent forms of pathological processes or hematopoietic disorders. Blood is taken from a vein (80 - 100 ml), diluted in a special container with an anticoagulant (4%) in a ratio of 4:1. An hour later, they look not at the height of the transparent column, but at the thickness of the red blood cell sediment. Pediatricians consider this method the most reliable today.
ESR analyzers. This is an affordable and most modern, highly accurate method of blood testing. They make it possible to quickly obtain reliable results. ESR is recorded by special sensors. The blood is placed in a small test tube, where conditions close to natural are created. This eliminates errors associated with temperature changes or other background changes in the laboratory. In addition, the analyzers immediately print out the result obtained, indicating in brackets the norm for each specific patient; many innovative devices also provide reasons for deviations from it. This greatly facilitates the work of laboratory technicians and diagnosticians.

How to normalize indicators

ESR cannot serve as a basis for diagnosis. We must remember that this is a symptom of many diseases. Therefore, if the erythrocyte sedimentation rate deviates from the norm, it is necessary to prescribe additional laboratory and sometimes instrumental research methods. The algorithm for further examination of a child includes the following steps:

Blood test for C-reactive protein (CRP). Its presence in the blood plasma indicates inflammation in the acute phase. Analysis is carried out using the letex test. The essence is latex agglutination. The result is ready in half an hour. The doctor receives a semi-quantitative and complete qualitative characterization of the protein. Very often, CRP helps to identify heart pathology at the earliest stages.
Biochemistry is used to obtain a complete picture of the chemical composition of blood: formed elements, salts, microelements. This analysis is a characteristic of the child’s metabolism. It can tell a lot about the work of all internal organs, and the purpose of the study is important. If necessary, urine biochemistry and general analysis are additionally prescribed.
Testing glucose in the blood and urine, which helps determine carbohydrate metabolism disorders, the condition of the pancreas, and predict the course of possibly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (glucose can also be elevated for non-pathological reasons).
Blood test for hormones (thyroid gland, first of all, then adrenal glands, pituitary gland and further according to the purpose of the study).
Ultrasound is a safe visualization of the condition of internal organs and tissues using ultrasound. If necessary, an ultrasound doppler examination (Doppler examination of blood vessels) is also prescribed. In children, the condition of the abdominal organs and kidneys is especially carefully checked. But with the help of ultrasound they look at both the heart (ECHO studies) and the pelvic organs.
Fecal analysis for helminths and parasites, a coprogram to exclude dysbiosis, which may indicate an overdose of the medications used.
X-ray (FLG), CT, MSCT of the chest organs (other areas are also examined according to indications).
MRI for suspected brain tumors.

Usually, after the examination, the doctor finds the trigger for ESR deviation, the norm of which in children is so variable, eliminates it, and the reaction returns to normal.
A couple of weeks are required after therapy. During this period, a control blood test is taken. Typically, young patients are prescribed antibiotic therapy or anti-viral drugs as treatment to relieve inflammation. But there are also traditional medicine methods that help correct the reaction: tea with linden and honey, chamomile, raspberries, beet juice. Their use can be used as background therapy for months and increase the chances of rehabilitation. No negative consequences are observed.

In order for the ESR to always correspond to the norm, you need to follow these rules:

Practice a healthy, correct lifestyle.
Adjust your diet.
Protect your baby from stress.
Spend time with your child in the fresh air more often.
Temper the baby.
Teach your child to do exercises and send them to the sports section.