Loss of consciousness: causes, first aid, symptoms of disease, treatment

Fainting (an outdated medical name is syncope) is a condition characterized by loss of consciousness and a drop in blood pressure. Metabolism slows down, sudden weakness and confusion occur. Fainting can last from a few seconds to tens of minutes.

In most cases, fainting is caused by a sudden decrease in metabolism in the brain, cerebral circulation is disrupted, and the brain stops receiving enough oxygen. Despite the fact that the brain does not function at full capacity, basic vital functions are reduced, but do not disappear completely. The patient is breathing, the heart is working.

Loss of consciousness can be caused by a variety of diseases. Sometimes fainting occurs due to a coincidence of circumstances - fatigue, stuffiness, prolonged fasting.

Before fainting, there is always a pre-fainting state, which can also last from a few seconds to several minutes. In some cases, it is enough for the patient to sit or lie down and relax the collar to avoid fainting.

Presyncope is characterized by the following symptoms:

• pulsation in temples;
• difficulty breathing - a subjective feeling of lack of oxygen;
• increased sweating;
• feeling of heat throughout the body;
• nausea, dizziness;
• tachycardia, feeling of rapid heartbeat;
• the appearance of dark spots before the eyes.

If the patient fails to sit down, he faints. In most cases, patients quickly come to their senses without outside help (although this does not mean that it does not need to be provided). Sometimes after fainting, other unpleasant symptoms are observed, for example, trembling and involuntary twitching of the limbs, the urge to urinate.

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General information

Fainting is also called syncope (this word comes from the Latin word syncope, which, in fact, is translated as “fainting”). The definition of fainting is as follows: it is an attack of loss of consciousness for a short time, associated with temporarily disrupted cerebral blood flow, in which a person loses the ability to maintain an upright position. The ICD-10 code is R55 fainting (syncope) and collapse.

Fainting and loss of consciousness - what's the difference?

However, unconsciousness is not always fainting. The difference between fainting and loss of consciousness is that an unconscious state can develop not only due to a deterioration in the blood supply to the brain, but also due to other reasons.

You can talk about fainting in the following cases:

• The man completely lost consciousness.
• This condition happened suddenly and quickly disappeared.
• Consciousness returned independently and without consequences.
• The patient could not maintain a vertical body position.

If at least one of these points does not correspond to what happened, it is important to conduct an examination to determine the reason for the fainting condition.

Syncope, which is characterized by one or two of the points described above, is sometimes mistakenly considered to be syncope. The condition of syncope may be accompanied by severe manifestations: epilepsy , stroke , heart attack , metabolic disorders, intoxication, cataplexy, etc. In the description, which indicates the ICD-10 code for syncope, a number of manifestations are noted that have similar symptoms, but are not syncope.

Types of loss of consciousness

Loss of consciousness is classified as an abnormal condition that is characterized by loss of reflexes and disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system. Develops when there is a small amount of oxygen caused by problems with blood circulation. Quite often, against the background of this condition, a deterioration in the functioning of all existing reflexes develops. Loss of consciousness is characterized by the fact that a person falls and does not move (an exception may be an epileptic seizure or muscle twitching), there is no reaction to various irritating elements.

Pathogenesis

The basis of the pathogenesis of syncope is transient cerebral hypoperfusion , which develops suddenly. Normal cerebral blood flow is 50-60 ml/100 g of tissue per minute. A sharp decrease in cerebral blood flow to 20 ml/100 g of tissue per minute and a decrease in the level of blood oxygenation leads to the development of syncope. If cerebral blood flow suddenly stops for 6-8 seconds, this leads to complete loss of consciousness.

The mechanisms for the development of this phenomenon may be as follows:

• There is a reflex decrease in the tone of the arteries or the functioning of the heart is disrupted, which leads to a deterioration in blood flow.
• tachycardia , bradycardia occur sharply , and episodic cardiac arrest is noted.
• The development of changes in the heart, due to which blood flow is disrupted inside the heart chambers.
• The level of systemic blood pressure - syncope develops with a sharp decrease in the level of systolic blood pressure.
• In older people, this is often associated with narrowing of the blood vessels that supply the brain, as well as heart disease.
• In young patients, fainting is most often associated with dysfunction of the central nervous system or mental disorders - so-called reflex fainting .

Consequently, the development of such a condition due to various reasons is due to different mechanisms of manifestation of deteriorated cerebral circulation. To summarize, the following mechanisms can be distinguished:

• Decreased or loss of vascular tone.
• Reduced flow of venous blood into the heart.
• Reducing the volume of blood circulating in the body.
• Insufficient ejection of blood from the left or right ventricle of the heart into one of the circulation circles, which leads to disruption of cerebral blood flow.

Taking into account the pathophysiological mechanisms, the following types of syncope are distinguished.

Neurogenic

The most commonly developed variety. In most cases, they are not associated with serious illnesses and do not pose a danger to humans. So-called essential syncope sometimes occurs in healthy people, and its causes remain unknown. However, as a rule, they develop in overly emotional individuals against the background of a psychovegetative syndrome. They are associated with a violation of the neurohumoral regulation of the cardiovascular system, which develops due to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.

In turn, there are several types of this type of fainting:

• Vasodepressor or vasovagal syncope - this condition develops most often, in about 40% of cases. This occurs due to transient failure of autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system. Vasovagal syncope begins with an increase in sympathetic tone. This increases blood pressure, heart rate and systemic vascular resistance. Next, the tone of the vagus nerve increases, which entails hypotension. Develops as the body's reaction to stress. It can be triggered by a number of reasons - fatigue, alcohol consumption, overheating, etc.
• Orthostatic - syncope of this type develops mainly in older people, in whom the volume of circulating blood does not correspond to the instability of vasomotor function. In addition, many older people take medications to lower blood pressure, vasodilators, and antiparkinsonian medications, which can lead to the development of orthostatic syncope. It develops when a person very quickly moves from a horizontal to a vertical position.
• Hypovolemic - develops when a person loses a lot of blood due to dehydration (severe vomiting, diarrhea, dry fasting). This results in hypotension , decreased venous return to the heart, and ineffective cerebral blood flow.
• Sinocaratoid - develops if a person has high sensitivity of the carotid sinus. It most often occurs in older men with atherosclerosis and hypertension. Such syncope may be associated with irritation of the carotid sinus when turning the head, wearing tight ties, etc.
• Situational - happens in stereotypical situations - coughing, swallowing, eating, etc. Associated with high sensitivity of the vagus nerve, reflex reactions to irritation and pain.
• Hyperventilation is a consequence of excessive breathing.

Cardiogenic

This type of loss of consciousness is diagnosed in approximately 20% of cases. It develops due to “cardiac” reasons - a decrease in cardiac output, which develops as a result of a decrease in heart rate or stroke volume of the heart. Occurs in diseases of the heart and blood vessels. They are divided into fainting due to arrhythmias and due to obstructive processes in the left half of the heart. In turn, arrhythmogenic syncope is divided into:

• Bradyarrhythmic - syncope conditions develop with a sharp decrease in heart rate to below 20 beats per minute or with asystole lasting longer than 5-10 s.
• Tachyarrhythmic - develops with a sudden increase in heart rate to more than 200 per minute.

Cerebrovascular

A consequence of cerebrovascular diseases with stenotic lesions of the main arteries, metabolic disorders, and the use of certain drugs. In addition, this type of loss of consciousness may be associated with transient ischemic attacks, which occurs most often in older people.

Non-syncopeal forms of short-term loss of consciousness are also distinguished . In some forms of epilepsy, a brief loss of consciousness occurs when the person loses normal motor control, causing them to fall. However, a short-term loss of consciousness for a few seconds is a condition that may be associated with the reasons described above.

Taking into account the pace of development and duration, the following types of disorders of consciousness are distinguished:

• Sudden and short-term (loss of consciousness for a few seconds).
• Sharp and prolonged (for several minutes, hours or days);
• Gradual and prolonged (for a period of several days);
• With unknown beginning and duration.

Main pathologies

Syncope is caused by insufficient supply of ozone to the brain, which is usually caused by the presence of disturbances in the functioning of the body.

Vagal loss of consciousness

Most often they develop with spasms that narrow the nutrient vessels or with a decrease in pressure, and does not depend on severe pathologies of an organic nature. Some of the least dangerous causes of syncope include the following:

• stress (painful sensations or their expectations, the appearance of blood, an uncontrollable state of fear up to panic attacks, nervous overstrain);
• reflexes: coughing, sneezing, pain during urine excretion, penetration of a foreign object into the throat, problems with bowel movements, serious exercise;
• vegetative-vascular pathologies that develop during panic attacks.

After this condition, all functions are fully restored, but severe fatigue and panic attacks may be present.

Cardiogenic causes

The main factor causing syncope in 25% of cases is heart disease. After loss of consciousness occurs, it is immediately necessary to undergo a thorough diagnosis, since if this is not done, then a serious illness can be overlooked.

Most often, the factor that provokes insufficient oxygen supply to the brain and the formation of syncope in diseases of a cardiogenic nature is a decrease in the number of blood during cardiac output (blood pushed into the aorta during one contraction). As a rule, syncope is formed due to serious illnesses caused by disturbances in the heart rhythm (arrhythmia or tachycardia is detected, in which the heart rate is more than 160 beats per minute).

Loss of consciousness of arrhythmic type

This kind of syncope is caused by the presence of the following pathologies:

1. Paroxysmal tachycardia is a sharp increase in the number of myocardial contractions per minute (more than 150).
2. Ari – characterized by a high probability of cardiac arrest. It is quite difficult to identify such a pathology, since by the time the cardiogram is performed, the paroxysm has already disappeared, and such a false diagnosis as physiological fainting can be made. This does not reduce the likelihood of death.
3. Weakening of the sinus node (poor functioning of the central node that controls the rhythm of the heart).
4. Atrial fibrillation and gastric fibrillation.
5. SVC syndrome is characterized by a pathological path of impulse conduction in the myocardium.

With this kind of disease, rhythm problems arise and the saturation of brain cells with blood is interrupted.

Other reasons

Other causes of insufficient cardiac output include the following:

• problems with the functioning of the ventricles;
• a heart attack that provoked problems with muscle contraction;
• congenital or acquired defects of the heart structure;
• vascular thrombosis;
• atherosclerosis.

With prolonged weak functioning of the coronary vessels, ischemia is formed (cell death occurs). Atrophy of the active fibers of the heart is observed; they are replaced by connective tissue, which is characterized by increased density and is unable to contract. There is a decrease in the output volume, the brain cells do not have enough oxygen, which causes a loss of syncope.

Causes of fainting

The causes of loss of consciousness are associated with various diseases and conditions of the body. Thus, sudden loss of consciousness can be associated with diseases of various body systems - nervous, endocrine, respiratory, cardiovascular, as well as with other phenomena - taking medications, excessive physical activity, overheating, etc.

Speaking about what causes people to faint, we can distinguish the following groups of reasons:

• “Benign”, that is, not associated with serious problems. When answering the question of what causes you to faint, you should not discount some natural causes that lead to a short-term cessation of oxygen supply to the brain. This, for example, can happen if a person stands for a long time or lies in a forced position, abruptly gets up from a lying position or unbends. Frequent fainting due to this reason is typical for some pregnant women, elderly people, patients with varicose veins and atherosclerosis.
• Associated with hypotension. People who have low blood pressure often lose consciousness compared to those whose blood pressure levels are normal. Fainting is highly likely to develop in those who suffer from vegetative-vascular dystonia, due to which regulatory vascular mechanisms are disrupted. In such people, the impetus for the development of syncope can be severe stress, severe pain, etc.
• As a consequence of problems with the cervical spine . With osteochondrosis of this part of the spine, the venous outflow and blood supply to the brain are disrupted. Sudden fainting in this case is possible due to sudden turns of the head or squeezing of the neck.
• Consequence of cardiac arrhythmia. The answers to the question of why people faint may be more serious. One of these causes is arrhythmia, in which the rhythm, frequency or sequence of heartbeats is disrupted. This can happen with high blood pressure as a result of tachycardia. In this case, it is important to consult a doctor so that he can determine whether loss of consciousness is a symptom of what disease. In people with heart and vascular diseases, loss of consciousness is a symptom that requires an immediate visit to a specialist.
• Pulmonary embolism . This is a very serious condition in which the pulmonary artery is blocked by a blood clot that has broken off from the walls of the vessels of the lower extremities.
• Pregnancy. Causes of fainting in women may be related to pregnancy. Often expectant mothers experience hypotension due to hormonal changes in the body or, conversely, increased blood pressure due to impaired blood flow. Physiological changes in the body can also lead to loss of consciousness in women. As the unborn baby grows, the amount of blood circulating in a woman’s body increases, and while he adapts to such changes, this can lead to fainting. This is also possible due to toxicosis . In girls, syncope due to changes in the body can appear during puberty.
• Powerful emotions. In both men and women with psycho-vegetative instability, syncope can occur under severe stress, nervous shock and an excess of emotions. In this case, the answer to the question of how to cause fainting is simple. A susceptible person can bring himself to such a state with elementary things for others, since, for example, the sight of blood or an emotional quarrel can provoke syncope in them. In this case, a person may experience a state of “As if I’m going to faint” for a short period, after which syncope occurs. You should ask your doctor about how to prevent fainting in this case.
• Development of tumors in the brain. In this condition, the patient’s tumor compresses the blood vessels and nerve endings, resulting in fainting with convulsions, and such attacks are repeated quite often. This is a very alarming syndrome that should be addressed to a doctor immediately.
• Epilepsy . The causes of loss of consciousness and seizures may also be associated with epilepsy. In this case, episodes of loss of consciousness and convulsions appear suddenly. Although attacks can occur without convulsions. The so-called petit mal seizure is a condition where there is a loss of consciousness with the eyes open. It lasts for several seconds, while the patient’s face turns pale and his gaze focuses on one point. The disease requires complex treatment that will help reduce the number and frequency of attacks.

In addition, if an adult or child faints, the reasons may be as follows:

• Taking a number of medications - antidepressants, nitrates, etc.
• Poisoning with toxins , alcohol, carbon monoxide.
• Anemia.
• Bleeding – uterine, gastrointestinal, etc.
• Neuroinfection.
• Liver and kidney failure .
• Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
• Metabolic disorders.
• Neurological diseases.

Symptoms and signs of fainting

Very often, syncope occurs suddenly. But sometimes signs of fainting can be noticed in a timely manner and loss of consciousness can be prevented. When you feel faint, the following symptoms appear:

• excessive sweating;
• impending nausea;
• pale skin;
• dizziness and sudden manifestation of severe weakness;
• darkening in the eyes, the appearance of “floaters” before the eyes;
• noise in ears;
• frequent yawning ;
• numbness of arms and legs.

If such symptoms are noticed in a timely manner and immediately sit down or lie down, the blood in the vessels will quickly be redistributed, the pressure in them will decrease, and syncope can be prevented. If fainting does occur, then the person will at least protect himself from falling.

The immediate signs of fainting in a person are as follows:

• Extremities become cold.
• The pulse slows down.
• The pupils will dilate or constrict.
• The pressure decreases.
• The skin turns pale.
• The person breathes irregularly and at a lower rate than usual.
• The muscles suddenly relax.
• With prolonged syncope, the muscles of the face and torso may twitch.
• There may be severe drooling and dry mouth.

This state does not last long - from a few seconds to 1-2 minutes. In this case, breathing and heartbeat do not stop, involuntary urination and defecation do not occur, and there is no urge to vomit.

The symptoms of hungry fainting, which occurs due to a lack of nutrients in the body, are similar. Hunger fainting occurs in those who practice very strict diets or prolonged fasting. Such symptoms indicate that nutrition must be adjusted immediately, since hungry fainting is evidence of a deficiency in the body of substances important for its functioning.

First signs

The following are signs that precede syncope:

• causeless anxiety, weakness, incessant yawning, heavy breathing;
• pale skin, sweating;
• headaches that bring a pressing or squeezing sensation, noise in the ears (ringing in the ears may be present), dizziness, hearing problems, suffocation;
• adrenaline rush, accompanied by heat at the end of the fingers;
• darkening before the eyes;
• tonic convulsions;
• a sharp increase or decrease in pressure, heart rate increases;
• nausea, vomiting, sour taste in the mouth.

Fainting is characterized by the presence of the following manifestations:

• the muscles are relaxed and the body is motionless;
• breathing slows down;
• blood pressure decreases;
• in case of deep fainting, the occurrence of convulsions and incontinence cannot be excluded;
• Pupils dilate, in the presence of serious pathologies, there is no reaction to light.

Tests and diagnostics

To determine why a person is losing consciousness, the doctor takes the following steps:

• Performs initial condition assessment. To do this, anamnesis is collected or, if necessary, an interview with eyewitnesses is carried out. It is important to find out whether an episode of loss of consciousness or multiple fainting episodes actually occurred.
• Takes into account the likelihood of psychogenic attacks or epileptic seizures and carries out differential diagnosis.
• Orders the necessary studies.

In the diagnostic process, if necessary, the following methods are practiced:

• Physical examination.
• Electrocardiogram.
• Daily ECG monitoring.
• Ultrasound to determine structural changes in the heart.
• Orthostatic test.
• Clinical stress test to determine myocardial hypoxia
• Coronary angiography.
• Blood test with determination of hematocrit, hemoglobin , oxygen saturation, troponin level, etc.

If necessary, other studies and laboratory tests are prescribed.

Diagnostics

The initial examination consists of listening to the patient’s complaints about the frequency and duration of fainting states, and determining the conditions under which loss of consciousness occurs. A neurological examination is performed.

The patient must be sent for laboratory blood tests.

Among instrumental studies, the most effective are:

• various types of ECG;
• echocardiography;
• computer sphygmomanometry;
• cardiac rhythmography;
• 24-hour blood pressure monitoring;
• duplex scanning of blood vessels.

These are the most modern diagnostic methods that identify the objective cause of fainting and allow you to prescribe optimal treatment.

Procedures and operations

If vasovagal syncope recurs frequently, it is recommended to increase your fluid and salt intake.

People who are prone to reflex fainting are taught to recognize the signs of presyncope and take steps to prevent loss of consciousness. They are also advised to change their lifestyle and avoid the influence of provoking factors.

In some cases, no special treatment is required.

In general, the choice of treatment tactics depends on what specific problem caused the disturbance of consciousness.

Treatment with folk remedies

The use of some folk remedies can help reduce the incidence of syncope. However, these methods are not methods of treating the causes of loss of consciousness, but only auxiliary methods to improve the condition.

• Gentian decoction. To prepare a decoction of this herb, you need to take 2 tsp. crushed raw materials and pour 1 tbsp. boiling water Drink half a glass before each meal.
• Burdock compresses. A fresh burdock leaf should be mashed and placed on the solar plexus. The compress helps you come to your senses after fainting.
• Soothing tea. It helps if a person loses consciousness due to dysfunction of the nervous system. To prepare it, you can take mint, lemon balm, St. John's wort, linden in equal proportions, mix the crushed raw materials, and 2 tbsp. l. pour 2 cups boiling water. After 20 minutes, strain and drink 2 times a day, 1 glass.
• Wormwood oil. Grind 25 g of wormwood seeds in a coffee grinder and pour in 100 g of olive oil. After a day, pour into a dark glass jar and store the product in the refrigerator. Take 2 drops 2 times a day (drop onto sugar).
• Infusion of mountain arnica. 3 tbsp. l. Pour dried arnica flowers into a thermos and pour 200 g of boiling water. After an hour, strain and drink with milk 4 times a day, adding 1 tbsp to 100 g of milk. l. infusion.
• Means for normalizing blood circulation. If loss of consciousness does occur, then after this the person should be given a glass of warm tea or chamomile decoction. Coffee or 1 tbsp will also work. l. cognac to normalize blood circulation.
• Massage of special points. In case of fainting, a massage of the points above the upper lip and under the lower lip will help revive the patient. You need to press hard on them, as sharp pain helps improve blood circulation in the brain. You can also rub the skin in the stomach area for this purpose.
• Cold water. It is sprayed on someone who has lost consciousness. This is especially important if the syncope is caused by overheating. It is recommended to cool the extremities. Also, a person who has come to his senses should drink some cold water in small sips.

First aid for fainting

Everyone should know how to provide first aid for fainting, since such cases can occur in different situations. The correct sequence of first aid actions for fainting is very important, since adequate first aid will help to avoid more serious problems.

The algorithm of actions used to provide emergency care for fainting and loss of consciousness should be as follows:

• If a person faints, then those who are nearby must first lay him down so that his legs are higher than the level of his head and body. This first aid is practiced if the patient is breathing and his pulse is palpable.
• Next, the PMP consists of quickly unfastening those clothes that are constricting the body. We are talking about a belt, a collar, a bra.
• A person needs to put a wet, cold towel on his forehead or simply wet his face with water. Such actions in case of loss of consciousness will help to narrow the blood vessels and restore cerebral blood flow.
• Apply ammonia or strong-smelling cologne to the victim’s nose.
• If the victim is vomiting, his body must be placed in a safe position so that he does not choke, or simply turn his head to the side. Lying on your side will help prevent airway blockage, as syncope can cause the tongue to relax.
• Provided that a person remains unconscious for several minutes, he needs emergency medical care. In this case, most likely, we are not talking about ordinary fainting.
• Nitroglycerin should not be given to a person .

It is important not only to correctly provide first aid in case of fainting, but also to provide first aid after the victim has regained consciousness. What to do after fainting depends on the patient’s feelings. If he still feels dizzy or other unpleasant symptoms, you should leave him lying with his legs elevated. It is worth preparing hot tea or coffee for the victim. Chamomile tea will also work. When the patient feels better, you need to help him get up, doing it slowly and gradually.

First aid for fainting

Despite the fact that adequate first aid in case of loss of consciousness helps the victim to recover quickly, it is still necessary to visit a doctor if such episodes occur frequently. After all, only if the cause of such manifestations is determined can one say exactly what to do in case of fainting and how to cure the cause that provokes it.

It is recommended to call emergency help, since only professionals can distinguish fainting from coma and determine how dangerous the patient’s condition is.

Twilight stupefaction

Twilight stupefaction is considered one of the most specific symptoms in medicine in general. It is characterized by complete loss of memory for the period of morning and evening (twilight). The patient's ability to navigate in space is severely impaired, severe hallucinations are possible, which the patient is afraid of, as well as incoherent speech and muttering. Fortunately, this symptom is quite rare and is not accompanied by a complete loss of consciousness (unlike, for example, epilepsy).

A characteristic feature of mental confusion in somatic diseases is that some of the memories are erased. The darknesses themselves are short-lived and proceed dynamically, often moving from one to another and to a normal state.

Prevention

To prevent loss of consciousness, the following rules of prevention should be followed:

• Drink enough fluids.
• Do not consume alcohol during the hot season.
• Hypertensive patients need to correctly select medications for treatment by visiting a doctor, and adequately adjust their amount.
• Do not stay in a vertical position for a long time. If there is such a need, you need to constantly shift from foot to foot, tensing your muscles.
• If you feel like you are about to pass out, you should sit or lie down immediately to help distribute blood throughout the body or at least prevent you from falling. If you can’t lie down, you should cross your arms and legs, straining your muscles at the same time.
• Avoid exposure to factors that provoke fainting. We are talking about dehydration, wearing tight clothes, overheating, severe emotional shock, etc.
• Visit your doctor in a timely manner to diagnose the development of diseases in a timely manner. It is important to properly and promptly treat illnesses that cause syncope.
• It is better to sleep in a position where your head is elevated. An additional pillow is suitable for this.
• People with vascular problems should wear compression stockings.
• It is necessary to practice adequate exercise and eat right.

Fainting in women

The causes of loss of consciousness in women may be associated with the following problems:

• Internal bleeding as a consequence of diseases of the genitourinary system.
• Too strict dietary restrictions and fasting.
• Pregnancy.
• Too much emotional shock.

It is advisable to consult a doctor if a woman suddenly faints. The reasons for syncope in girls and women are most often harmless. But the development of serious diseases should still be excluded.

Diseases that cause fainting

Patients with arrhythmia may experience fainting because the blood supply to the brain is sharply reduced. With bradycardia, symptoms of loss of consciousness are also observed. The reasons are a sharp, almost instantaneous drop in heart rate to 30 or even 20 beats per second when the norm is 65-72.

• In addition, patients may need help with fainting:
• pulmonary hypertension;
• dehydration;
• Parkinson's disease;
• with aortic stenosis;
• diabetes mellitus

In children

If a child faints, the causes of this phenomenon may be associated with both diseases and age-related changes. Most often, syncope manifests itself in a teenager, since during this period the process of puberty actively occurs, which leads to changes in the body. As experts who study syncope in children note, girls are more susceptible to fainting. Most often, such manifestations are observed in children aged 10-12 years. Young children lose consciousness very rarely.

Despite the fact that this phenomenon may be temporary, if a teenager often faints, the reasons must be determined by a specialist after conducting a study. It is important to find out whether a child who often faints suffers from epilepsy or other serious illnesses. In most cases, we are talking about the reflex nature of such conditions in children. Potential health hazards are reported relatively rarely. But it is still better to consult a doctor and follow his advice.

Oneiric state (“waking dream”)

This symptom is associated with an influx of vivid hallucinations, most often with fabulous, impossible and even absurd content. The patient sees all these images and pictures, but, unlike delirium

, maintains the position of an external observer and does not actively participate in the “action”.

At the same time, the patient’s orientation in space and understanding of his own personality are disrupted. The memory of illusions is partially preserved. This symptom often occurs with congenital heart disease and certain types of infections.

Fainting during pregnancy

This condition may be one of the signs of pregnancy. Dizziness and fainting during early pregnancy can occur as early as a few weeks after conception and be a reason for a test.

The answer to the question of why pregnant women faint is the changes that occur in the female body from the first days of pregnancy. Loss of consciousness during pregnancy occurs due to a sharp decrease in blood pressure provoked by hormonal changes. Most often, fainting during pregnancy occurs in women suffering from hypotension .

Various factors can lead to a drop in blood pressure during pregnancy - severe stress, exacerbation of chronic diseases, colds , overwork. Also, the cause of loss of consciousness can be a sharp drop in blood sugar, which occurs due to poor nutrition or malnutrition.

If such a phenomenon occurs once, it should not cause much concern to the expectant mother. But if syncope occurs systematically, you should definitely tell your doctor about it.

To avoid such unpleasant manifestations, the expectant mother should follow some important rules:

• Do not stay for too long in places where it is very hot and stuffy, do not travel in the heat on public transport.
• Do not starve: nutrition must be correct, you need to eat often and in small quantities.
• Do not get up abruptly from a sitting or lying position - this should be done slowly and smoothly.
• Walk more in the fresh air and get a good night's sleep.
• Do not be alone if you are prone to dizziness and loss of consciousness.

Diet

Diet for the nervous system

• Efficacy: therapeutic effect after 2 months
• Timing: constantly
• Cost of food: 1700-1800 rubles per week

Nutrition for people prone to fainting should be complete and varied. To choose the right diet, first of all, you need to find out the cause of such manifestations. The diet is formed depending on the presence or absence of heart disease, vascular disease, diabetes mellitus , etc. The basic nutritional rules should be as follows:

• The menu should be dominated by fresh and properly processed products.
• The diet should be varied to provide the body with essential microelements and vitamins .
• It is better to eat food 5-6 times a day in small portions to prevent the feeling of extreme hunger.
• If the state of the body allows, you need to introduce as many vegetables and fruits into your diet as possible.
• Proper drinking regime is necessary, because dehydration can also cause fainting.

If a person experiences reflex fainting, he should adhere to the principles of a diet for the nervous system .

Consequences and complications

The consequences of such a condition depend on the causes of its occurrence. The most serious consequences may be:

• Development of coma and cerebral edema , which leads to disorders of important life functions.
• Suffocation due to retraction of the tongue in an unconscious state.
• Various injuries received during a fall.

With frequent manifestations of this condition, a person sometimes has to change his occupation.

Delirium (hallucinations)

This syndrome means that the patient may experience various kinds of hallucinations - deceptions of the senses and perception. For example, a person may hear voices that are not there or see something that does not exist. At the same time, the patient is completely confident that everything is happening for real, and cannot distinguish reality from illusion. In this regard, the patient may experience severe behavioral deviations. They can manifest themselves in both positive and negative emotions, depending on the nature of the hallucinations.

For this reason, the patient can be dangerous both to himself and to others and society in the broad sense of the word. When “returning to reality,” the memory of hallucinations is preserved, but the memory of reality is most often not. This symptom often manifests itself in severe poisoning and infectious diseases.

Forecast

According to medical statistics, in approximately 93% of cases, benign fainting occurs with a favorable prognosis, which does not require drug treatment.

An unfavorable prognosis is observed in those patients in whom fainting is provoked by cardiovascular disease . These people are at risk of death due to heart problems. Risk factors for sudden death in patients with syncope are as follows:

• Age over 45 years.
• Ventricular arrhythmias.
• Heart failure.
• The presence of pathological changes on the ECG, which indicate arrhythmogenic disorders.
• Myocardial infarction.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

List of sources

• Bova A.A. Syncope in clinical practice: educational method. allowance. – Mn.: Asobny, 2009. – 45 p.
• Autonomic disorders: Clinic, treatment, diagnosis / ed. AM Wayne. – M., 1998. – 752 p.
• Guseva I.A., Bondareva Z.G., Miller O.N. Causes of syncope in young people // Ros. cardiology journal. - 2003. - No. 3. — P. 25-28.
• Stykan O.A. Akimova G.A. Differential diagnosis of nervous diseases: a guide for doctors. - St. Petersburg: Hippocrates, 2000. - P. 132-177.