Magnesium is the main anti-stress macronutrient!

Over 80,000 clinical, biochemical, and cellular molecular studies published over the past 30 years indicate that adequate levels of magnesium in the body are a fundamental indicator of human health.

However, modern lifestyle, which usually includes high levels of stress, an unbalanced diet with the presence of large amounts of artificial foods, inevitably leads to magnesium deficiency.

In this article I will tell you how and why magnesium is needed, which dietary supplements with magnesium to choose and how to take it correctly.

Important facts:
1. The intracellular concentration of magnesium in the body decreases with age1.
2. Magnesium increases the effectiveness of glucose-lowering therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus2.
3. Magnesium is not produced by the body and can only be obtained from food or supplements3.
4. Magnesium reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and improves memory. This is due to the fact that this mineral reduces the risk of developing amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and enhances the work of synaptic nerve endings responsible for the transmission and storage of information (short-term and long-term memory).
5. The three leading factors contributing to the excretion of magnesium are: stress, alcohol, tobacco.

IMPORTANT!

If you have excess calcium and not enough magnesium, this can lead to the development of tissue calcification. After all, it is magnesium that converts vitamin D into its active form! Therefore, please note: if you are recommended to take large doses of vitamin D, which helps calcium to be absorbed well, taking magnesium is a must!

Read also:  Broad-spectrum antihelminthic drugs

Symptoms that may indicate low magnesium levels:

• headaches, dizziness;
• constant fatigue, apathy;
• sleep disorder;
• poor quality of nails and hair;
• anxiety, depression;
• indigestion (nausea, heartburn, constipation);
• cramps and spasms in the lower extremities.

In children, deficits may manifest themselves in:

• low concentration;
• increased excitability;
• decreased memory;
• increased irritability;
• hyperactivity.

Magnesium deficiency is dangerous due to the development of:

• urolithiasis and cholelithiasis;
• increased blood cholesterol;
• development of cardiovascular diseases;
• carbohydrate metabolism disorders;
• development of insomnia.

SportExpert Liquid magnesium, 8 doses of 50 ml, Evalar

463 ₽

Dietary supplement NOT A MEDICINE

Magnesium and sports

Some more important and interesting facts about magnesium:

1. In marathon runners, after a 42 km race, a significant decrease in the concentration of magnesium in the blood serum was recorded against the background of an increase in potassium and sodium levels5.
2. In middle- and long-distance runners, an ergometer test showed a significant increase in serum calcium and magnesium levels, however, against the background of an increase in cortisol and thyroid hormone levels, the level of magnesium in red blood cells significantly decreased6. However, magnesium supplementation improves blood glucose metabolism, reduces the inflammatory response, and reduces muscle soreness after exercise7.
3. When swimming, plasma magnesium levels decrease even in experienced swimmers. This is due to the participation of this mineral in thermoregulation, and we know that swimming is a sport that requires constant maintenance of body temperature in water8.

It is important to remember that hormone levels, particularly adrenaline and insulin, change significantly during exercise and require additional magnesium supplementation, since magnesium ions are necessary to maintain normal receptor sensitivity to these hormones.

Chronic magnesium deficiency contributes to impaired fat metabolism, changes in blood sugar levels9, and increased blood pressure during physical activity10.

Reduced levels of magnesium in the blood, associated with insufficient intake, against the background of physical exercise stimulate the development of inflammatory processes and contribute to the development of immunological disorders11.

Supplements or food?

All the experts we interviewed were unanimous on this issue. Why take magnesium supplements at all if you are not deficient when there are so many delicious foods around that are rich in this micronutrient? Here are some examples.

• Dark Chocolate: Approximately 64 mg of magnesium per slice (16% DV).
• Avocado: One medium-sized fruit contains 58 mg of magnesium (15% of the daily requirement).
• Cashews: A 28g handful of cashews provides 82mg of magnesium (20% of the daily requirement).
• Brazil nuts: 100 g (approximately 12-15 pieces) cover the daily requirement for magnesium by 100%.
• Beans: A cup of cooked black beans provides 120 mg of magnesium (30% of the daily requirement).
• Banana: one piece contains 37 mg of magnesium (9% of the daily requirement).
• Salmon: Half fillet weighing 178 g contains 53 mg of magnesium (13% daily requirement).

The benefits of normal food do not end with the fact that it is tastier and more nutritious. There are two more important points.

Compatibility.

Dietary supplements with magnesium cannot be taken together with antibiotics (tetracyclines and quinolones), because magnesium forms poorly soluble compounds with them. Real food has no such restrictions.

Side effects.

When taking supplements, an overdose is possible, which is accompanied by unpleasant symptoms such as nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. And this, in turn, can cause dehydration and loss of magnesium. There is no risk of overdosing on nuts, pumpkin seeds and salmon. Also because in this case a “smart” algorithm works. The body itself regulates the level of absorption: it increases from an average 30-40% to a maximum of 80% if there is little magnesium in foods, and reduces to 25% if there is too much.

Magnesium Citrate, 60 Tablets, Solgar

Magnesium citrate (magnesium salt of citric acid) has been used in therapy for more than 50 years and is used to prevent the formation of kidney stones, prevent and treat hypomagnesemia.

Magnesium salt of citric acid has a high safety profile and is acceptable for use in case of kidney problems. Unlike inorganic salts, this form leads to better absorption of magnesium with reduced stomach acidity compared to magnesium lactate and other organic forms of magnesium.

Magnesium chelate, 60 tablets, Evalar

729 ₽

Dietary supplement NOT A MEDICINE

Magnesium in the pathology of pregnancy and childbirth

Nizhny Novgorod Military Medical Institute
MGMSU named after. ON THE. Semashko Scientific Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow Magnesium
is an essential microelement that regulates various biochemical and physiological reactions. Being a co-factor of many enzymes and a physiological antagonist of calcium, magnesium is involved in energy processes, activation of metabolism (including glycolysis and protein synthesis), ensuring excitation processes in nerve cells and contraction of smooth and striated muscles. These properties determine the widespread use of magnesium for the treatment and prevention of pathology in pregnant women.

As you know, during pregnancy the daily requirement for magnesium increases by at least one and a half times.

, which is due to the synthetic demands of the organisms of the mother and fetus. A pregnant woman’s body’s need for magnesium often exceeds its supply, which allows pregnancy to be considered as a state of physiological hypomagnesemia [77]. At the same time, magnesium deficiency is associated with a wide range of complications of pregnancy, childbirth and fetal pathology: premature labor, increased frequency of gestosis, impaired fetal development and a number of others.

To date, many studies have been carried out to study the metabolism of magnesium during normal and pathological pregnancy, the effectiveness of replacement treatment with it in the pathology of pregnancy and childbirth. And although the level of evidence of these works is different, and the results are often contradictory, they undoubtedly deserve attention. The purpose of this review is an attempt to combine numerous information about the various aspects of the use of magnesium preparations in obstetric practice.

One of the largest meta-analyses, summarizing the results of six studies involving 2,637 pregnant women, showed the beneficial effects of magnesium on pregnancy and fetal development. Compared with placebo, oral magnesium supplementation starting at 25 weeks of pregnancy resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of preterm (before 37 weeks of gestation) births [43]. Women receiving magnesium supplements had a lower need for hospitalization during pregnancy [3,38]. Cases of low birth weight (up to 2000–2500 g) children were also less common in the group of women receiving such treatment. However, the highest quality study of 400 women [79] found no effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, preeclampsia, or other pregnancy outcomes.

One of the recognized uses of magnesium during pregnancy is the management of premature birth.

. There are significant differences in the diffusion of magnesium ions through the membranes between preterm and normal labor. A decrease in the content of ionized magnesium leads to an increase in myometrial tone and underlies premature birth [45]. The tocolytic activity of magnesium is explained by competitive antagonism with calcium and the ability to block slow calcium channels, which leads to a weakening of uterine contractions [61]. In an experiment on isolated myometrial fibers, it was shown that magnesium sulfate (MS) reduces the frequency of spontaneous myometrial contractions without affecting their amplitude [40].

Along with MS, sympathomimetics, calcium antagonists, anesthetics and a number of other drugs are used as tocolytic drugs. Many researchers recommend the use of MS as the first line of tocolytic therapy [41,58] (however, not everyone agrees with this position); preference is also given to the calcium antagonist nifedipine [31] or ketorolac [75].

When comparing maternal and fetal risk, side effects and safety profile, MS showed advantages over sympathomimetics [41], but in other studies the results were opposite [80] or comparable [49]. A number of studies assessed the tocolytic activity of MS and nitric oxide donors (nitrates): the antispasmodic activity of MS was higher [24,57]. A meta-analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials, combining observations of 466 women, did not find sufficient evidence to recommend the use of nitroglycerin as a routine tocolytic [19].

However, magnesium therapy has not been shown to be effective in preventing preterm birth in all studies. Two small American randomized controlled trials [67,68] attempted to clarify the effectiveness of magnesium in preventing preterm birth in women who had already experienced an episode of preterm labor. They found no statistically significant difference in the incidence of preterm birth, the need for repeated maternal hospitalization, or peri- or neonatal mortality when treated with magnesium compared with other types of treatment or no treatment.

A meta-analysis of 23 studies (of which only 9 were considered of sufficient quality), including more than 2000 women, led to the conclusion that MS is ineffective in delaying or preventing preterm birth, and its use is associated with an increase in infant mortality [16]. It is concluded that further, larger, and higher-quality studies are needed to seriously assess morbidity and mortality, as well as compare different drug administration regimens.

Eclampsia occupies a special place in the list of indications for treatment with magnesium preparations.

– severe multiple organ disorder of unknown etiology.
Eclampsia is the third leading cause of maternal mortality after bleeding and infection [51]. The pathogenesis of eclampsia is complex and includes such links as endothelial dysfunction, impaired rheological properties of blood, and generalized vasoconstriction. The effect of magnesium in eclampsia is multifaceted:
due to the suppression of the synthesis of thromboxane A2 and antagonism with calcium, magnesium causes vascular dilatation, improving not only the utero-placental-fetal, but also cerebral circulation [7,46,84]. The ability of magnesium to increase the level of calcitonin in the blood serum is important - it is known that the concentrations of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are reduced in women with preeclampsia [32].

The use of MS for eclampsia and severe preeclampsia is associated with a significant reduction in maternal mortality [74]. In the famous randomized placebo-controlled trial MAGPIE

treatment of MS reduced the risk of developing eclampsia by half [50]. However, no significant adverse reactions were recorded. It has been shown that in preeclampsia, the use of MS significantly reduces the risk of developing eclampsia [14,83].

A large number of studies have assessed the effectiveness of magnesium in the prevention and treatment of eclampsia in comparison with other anticonvulsants (diazepam, phenytoin, lytic cocktail). Many of them demonstrated the priority of MS as the drug of choice [51,64,83].

Five studies involving 1236 women [2,15,21,22,78] compared the anticonvulsant activity of MS and diazepam. MetS has been shown to lead to a significant reduction in the incidence of seizures, and there has also been a greater reduction in maternal mortality.

Two similar small studies (199 women with eclampsia) were devoted to comparing the therapeutic effects of MS and lytic mixtures [9,37]. MS was more effective in preventing recurrent seizures and decreased respiratory function to a lesser extent. It was concluded that MS is the anticonvulsant of choice in women with eclampsia

. Compared with lytic cocktails, MS was also more effective in eliminating cases of ongoing seizures, in addition, with its use, cases of perinatal mortality were observed less frequently [72].

Similar results were obtained when comparing the anticonvulsant activity of MS and the hydantoin derivative, phenytoin. There are four known studies devoted to this problem and summarizing the results of observation of 823 women with eclampsia [18,20,26,59]. The use of MS was associated with a more significant reduction in the frequency of seizure episodes; on average, relapse of seizures was prevented in every eighth case. A decrease in the risk of pneumonia, the need for artificial ventilation and resuscitation measures was also noted. There was a more favorable trend in maternal mortality rates in the MS-treated group, but the differences were not statistically significant. However, in other observations, when comparing MetS and phenytoin, no difference was noted in either maternal condition or perinatal outcomes [73].

MS has also shown its advantages in comparison with calcium antagonists. Based on a multicenter randomized trial that included 1650 women with severe eclampsia, it was more effective than nimodipine [7]. However, in severe preeclampsia, nimodipine improved cerebral circulation to a greater extent than MS [6]. In addition, it is believed that stronger evidence of the benefits of MS in cases of “mild” preeclampsia is needed [85].

The use of magnesium as an anticonvulsant appears to be justified in another obstetric situation - in the treatment of leg cramps in pregnant women. Magnesium preparations effectively eliminate these manifestations [69]. A meta-analysis of 5 placebo-controlled studies involving 352 women confirmed the effectiveness of magnesium citrate or lactate given twice daily [86].

In addition to the management of patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia, magnesium preparations are widely used for isolated hypertension in pregnant women. It is known that low levels of intracellular magnesium can contribute to the development of arterial hypertension in pregnant women [1,42,63]. A connection has been established between the level of magnesium in erythrocytes and blood pressure in the third trimester of pregnancy [17]. Although MS is not a drug for the treatment of arterial hypertension, its antihypertensive activity was comparable to methyldopa [70].

Along with the two main approaches to the use of magnesium in obstetric practice - as a tocolytic and for the prevention of eclampsia - the use of magnesium as a neuroprotector is very promising

. Perinatal brain damage in the fetus usually develops with acute disruption of the uterine or fetal circulation. The universal reaction of the fetus to severe hypoxia is the activation of the sympatho-adrenal system and the centralization of blood circulation, and then (with persistent asphyxia) a drop in cardiac output and the degree of cerebral perfusion. In response to acute hypoxia in the brain, oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited and the ion gradient is disrupted with a massive influx of calcium into the cell. Excess intracellular calcium leads to damage to nerve cells, acute deficiency of cell energy reserves and almost complete cessation of protein biosynthesis in the brain [8]. During reperfusion, a second wave of neuronal damage is possible due to the post-ischemic release of oxidative radicals, the synthesis of nitric oxide, and the inflammatory response. Among the effective measures for cerebral ischemia is the use of magnesium preparations. The neuroprotective effect of magnesium has been experimentally proven; it is associated with the suppression of neuronal apoptosis [71]. A number of clinical studies have noted the ability of MS to protect the brain in newborns [8,52].

However, in the study [29], magnesium supplementation did not reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in children born prematurely to mothers without preeclampsia, and the findings [10] suggest that the protective effect was observed only in low birth weight children. MagNET Research

(Magnesium and Neurologic Endpoints Trial), the purpose of which was to clarify the neuroprotective effect of MS, was terminated early due to an increase in the infant mortality rate [53].

Other aspects of the influence of magnesium therapy on the condition of the embryo, fetus and newborn were also studied. It was shown that prenatal administration of MS was not associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality in newborns [23,25], incl. and premature births [28]. Clinical studies and animal experiments have established that magnesium deficiency during pregnancy can cause intrauterine growth retardation [81] and poor offspring survival [11]. At the same time, the hypothesis about the connection between sudden infant death syndrome (before one year of age) and magnesium deficiency in infants was not confirmed.

At the same time, there are a number of alarming studies and clinical observations that have established a connection between perinatal administration of MS and an increased risk of developing hemorrhages in the cerebral ventricles [55] and renal dysfunction [60] in newborns. The higher level of magnesium in umbilical cord blood serum in newborns with increased mortality and other adverse outcomes at birth (puerperal paralysis, hemorrhages in the ventricles of the brain, periventricular leukomalacia) established in a randomized study requires explanation [54]. Children born to mothers treated with MC had lower Apgar scores at birth [66]. However, these complications were more often observed in fetuses or newborns with low (700–1249 g) weight [76]. The unfavorable effect of MS on the condition of the fetus is due to suppression of parathyroid hormone in the newborn [65], disruption of intracardiac and peripheral hemodynamics [39], toxic effects of the drug on the fetus [36], stimulation of apoptosis in the placenta [30], development of sinus bradycardia and a decrease in heart rate variability [ 13,33,34]. Accumulated observations about the negative effects of magnesium therapy on the fetus and newborn have allowed a number of authors to raise the question of limiting the use of MS as a tocolytic [62].

Side effects of magnesium therapy also appear on the part of the mother’s body. Among the adverse outcomes of iatrogenic hypermagnesemia in pregnant women, cases of delirium [27], galactorrhea [48], myopathy with increased levels of creatine phosphokinase [44], bradycardia [35] and even cardiac and respiratory arrest that developed during cesarean section [56] have been described.

These circumstances force numerous researchers to address the issue of optimizing treatment with magnesium, and first of all, the minimum effective doses of the drug. Both the clinical and toxic effects of MS are closely related to its plasma concentration. Treatment of eclamptic seizures is usually achieved with magnesium levels of 1.8–3.0 mmol/L. The first signs of toxicity for the mother appear at a concentration of 3.5–5 mmol/l, respiratory paralysis – 5–6.5 mmol/l, cardiac conduction disturbance – more than 7.5 mmol/l, cardiac arrest – more than 12.5 mmol/ l [47]. Respiratory rate, diuresis and the state of tendon reflexes are used as clinical signs that allow timely assessment of the onset of a toxic effect.

Traditional dosing of MS as an anticonvulsant involves the use of a loading dose of 4 g IV and 10 g IM, followed by either 5 g IM every 4 hours or a maintenance IV infusion of 1–2 g/hour. However, there is evidence of the effectiveness of lower doses of the drug. In particular, in a study [5], half the standard maintenance dose of MS was sufficient to prevent seizures, and mortality decreased from 16 to 8% [4]. It is natural that patients who received low maintenance doses of MS (2 g/hour) had a lower incidence of side effects compared to those who received 5 g/hour [82].

Thus, to date, a large amount of data has been accumulated on the possibilities of using magnesium preparations in obstetric practice. Magnesium is a vital microelement

, and its deficiency is associated with a pathological course of pregnancy and adverse outcomes for the mother, fetus and newborn.
The use of magnesium preparations is justified in cases of threatened miscarriage and premature birth, in the treatment and prevention of late gestosis, and brain damage in the fetus. At the same time, it should be recognized that consensus has not been reached on many aspects of the use of magnesium in obstetric practice, and not all existing practical recommendations are confirmed from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. Further high-quality scientific research is needed to clarify unresolved issues. References:
1. Adam B., Malatyalioglu E., Alvur M., Talu C. Magnesium, zinc and iron levels in pre-eclampsia. J Matern Fetal Med 2001; 10(4):246–250

2. Adeeb N., Hatta A.Z., Shariff J., Comparing magnesium sulphate to diazepam in managing severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. In: Proceedings of the 10th World Congress International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 1996: 246

3. Arikan G., Panzitt T., Gaucer F. et al. Oral magnesium supplementation and the prevention of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:45

4. Begum R., Begum A., Bullough CH, Johanson RB Reducing maternal mortality from eclampsia, using magnesium sulphate. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000; 92(2):223–224

5. Begum R., Begum A., Johanson R. A low dose (“Dhaka”) magnesium sulphate regime for eclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80(11):998–1002

6. Belfort MA, Saade GR, Yared M. et al. Change in estimated cerebral perfusion pressure after treatment with nimodipine or magnesium sulfate in patients with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181(2):402–407

7. Belfort MA, Anthony J., Saade GR, Allen JC A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(4):304–311

8. Berger R., Garnier Y. Perinatal brain injury. J Perinat Med 2000; 28(4):261–285

9. Bhalla AK, Dhall GI, Dhall K. A safer and more effective treatment regimen for Eclampsia. Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 34:144–148

10. Boyle CA, Yeargin–Allsopp M, Schendel DE et al. Tocolytic magnesium sulfate exposure and risk of cerebral palsy among children with birth weights less than 1,750 grams. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152(2):120–124

11. Caddell JL The apparent impact of gestational magnesium (Mg) deficiency on the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Magnes Res 2001; 14(4):291–303

12. Carbonne B., Tsatsaris V. Which tocolytic drugs in case of preterm labor? J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2002; 31 (7 Suppl): 5096–5104

13. Cardosi RJ, Chez RA Magnesium sulfate, maternal hypothermia, and fetal bradycardia with loss of heart rate variability. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92(4):691–693

14. Coetzee EJ, Dommisse J., Anthony J. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous magnesium sulphate versus placebo in the management of women with severe pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105(3):300–303

15. Crowther C. Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam in the management of eclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97:110–117

16. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Doyle LW Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (4): CD001060

17. Dawson EB, Evans DR, Kelly R. et al. Blood cell lead, calcium, and magnesium levels associated with pregnancy–induced hypertension and preeclampsia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2000; 74(2):107–116

18. Dommisse J. Phenytoin sodium and magnesium sulphate in the management of eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97:104–109

19. Duckitt K., Thornton S. Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (3): CD002860

20. Duley L. Magnesium sulphate in eclampsia. Lancet 1998; 352:67–68

21. Duley L., Mahomed K. Magnesium sulphate in eclampsia. Lancet 1998; 351:1061–1062

22. The Eclampsia Trial Collaborative Group. Which anticonvulsant for woman with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet 1995; 345:1455–1463

23. Elimian A., Verma R., Ogburn P. et al. Magnesium sulfate and neonatal outcomes of preterm neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002; 12(2):118–122

24. El-Sayed YY, Riley ET, Holbrook RH et al. Randomized comparison of intravenous nitroglycerin and magnesium sulfate for treatment of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93(1):79–83

25. Farkouh LJ, Thorp JA, Jones PG et al. Antenatal magnesium exposure and neonatal demise. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185(4):869–872

26. Friedman SA, Kee-Hak L., Baker CA, Repke JT Phenytoin versus magnesium sulphate in pre-eclampsia: a pilot study. Am J Perinat 1993; 10:223–238

27. Ganzevoort JW, Hoogerwaard EM, van der Post JA Hypocalcemic delirium due to magnesium sulphate therapy in a pregnant woman with pre-eclampsia Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2002; 146(31):1453–1456

28. Grether JK, Hoogstrate J, Selvin S, Nelson KB Magnesium sulfate tocolysis and risk of neonatal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178(1):1–6

29. Grether JK, Hoogstrate J., Walsh–Greene E., Nelson KB Magnesium sulfate for tocolysis and risk of spastic cerebral palsy in premature children born to women without preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183(3):717–725

30. Gude NM, Stevenson JL, Moses EK, King RG Magnesium regulates hypoxia–stimulated apoptosis in the human placenta. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000; 98(4):375–380

31. Haghighi L. Prevention of preterm delivery: nifedipine or magnesium sulfate. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 66(3):297–298

32. Halhali A., Wimalawansa S. J., Berentsen V. et al. Calcitonin gene– and parathyroid hormone–related peptides in preeclampsia: effects of magnesium sulfate. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97(6):893–897

33. Hallak M., Martinez–Poyer J., Kruger ML The effect of magnesium sulfate on fetal heart rate parameters: A randomized, placebo–controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181(5):1122–1127

34. Hamersley SL, Landy HJ, O'Sullivan MJ Fetal bradycardia secondary to magnesium sulfate therapy for preterm labor. A case report. Reprod Med 1998; 43(3):206–210

35. Hennessy A., Hill I. A case of maternal bradycardia at therapeutic doses of magnesium sulphate in preeclampsia. Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 39(2):256–257

36. Herschel M., Mittendorf RJ Tocolytic magnesium sulfate toxicity and unexpected neonatal death. Perinatol 2001; 21(4):261–262

37. Jacob S., Gopalakrishnan K., Lalitha K. Standardized clinical trial of magnesium sulphate regime in comparison with MKK Menon's lytic coctail regime in the management of eclampsia. Proceedings of the 27th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 4–7 July 1995; Dublin, 1995: 303

38. Jaspers V., Spatling L., Fallenstein F., Quakernack K. Magnesium, calzium, hamoglobin, hamatokrit, ostriol und HPL unter magnesiumsubstitution in der schwangerschaft. Geburtshilfe–Frauenheilkd 1990; 50:628–633

39. Kamitomo M., Sameshima H., Ikenoue T., Nishibatake MJ Fetal cardiovascular function during prolonged magnesium sulfate tocolysis. Perinat Med 2000; 28(5):377–382

40. Kantas E., Cetin A., Kaya T., Cetin M. Effect of magnesium sulfate, isradipine, and ritodrine on contractions of myometrium: pregnant human and rat. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81(9):825–830

41. Katz VL, Farmer RM Controversies in tocolytic therapy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999; 42(4):802–819

42. Kisters K., Barenbrock M., Louwen F. et al. Membrane, intracellular, and plasma magnesium and calcium concentrations in preeclampsia Am J Hypertens 2000; 13(7):765–769

43. Kovacs LM, Molnar BG, Huhn E., Bodis L. Magnesium substitution in der Schwangerschaft: eine prospektiye, randomisierte doppelblindstudie. Geburtsch and Frauenheilk 1988; 48:595–600

44. Kuno N., Ishikawa K Serum creatine phosphokinase elevation in patients treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 76(3):257–266

45. Lemancewicz A., Laudanska H., Laudanski T. et al. Permeability of fetal membranes to calcium and magnesium: possible role in preterm labour. Hum Reprod 2000; 15(9):2018–2222

46. ​​Li S., Tian H. Oral low-dose magnesium gluconate preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1997; 32(10):613–615

47. Lu JF, Nightingale CH Magnesium sulfate in eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: pharmacokinetic principles. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000; 38(4):305–314

48. Lurie S., Rotmensch S., Feldman N., Glezerman M. Breast engorgement and galactorrhea during magnesium sulfate treatment of preterm labor. Am J Perinatol 2002; 19(5):239–240

49. Macones GA, Sehdev HM, Berlin M. et al. Evidence for magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic agent. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1997; 52(10):652–658

50. The Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Do women with pre–eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomized placebo–controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359 (9321): 1877–1890

51. Manyemba J. Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia: putting the evidence into clinical practice. Cent Afr J Med 2000; 46(6):166–169

52. Matsuda Y., Kouno S., Hiroyama Y. et al. Intrauterine infection, magnesium sulfate exposure and cerebral palsy in infants born between 26 and 30 weeks of gestation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000; 91(2):159–164

53. Mittendorf R., Pryde PG An overview of the possible relationship between antenatal pharmacologic magnesium and cerebral palsy. Med J Perinat 2000; 28(4):286–293

54. Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Pryde PG et al. Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186(6):1111–1118

55. Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Dammann OJ et al. Association between maternal serum ionized magnesium levels at delivery and neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Pediatr 2002; 140(5):540–546

56. Morisaki H., Yamamoto S., Morita YJ et al. Hypermagnesemia–induced cardiopulmonary arrest before induction of anesthesia for emergency cesarean section. Clin Anesth 2000; 12(3):224–226

57. Morgan PJ, Kung R, Tarshis J. Nitroglycerin as a uterine relaxant: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002; 24(5):403–409

58. Morrison EH Common peripartum emergencies. Am Fam Physician 1998; 58(7):1593–1604

59. Naidu S., Payne AJ, Moodley J. Randomized study assessing the effect of phenytoin and magnesium sulphate on maternal cerebral circulation in eclampsia using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1996; 103:111–116

60. Ohta N., Tsukahara H., Yamashita N. et al. Infantile renal dysfunction associated with intrauterine exposure to ritodrine and magnesium sulfate. Nephron 2002; 91(2):352–353

61. Phillippe M. Cellular mechanisms underlying magnesium sulfate inhibition of phasic myometrial contractions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 252(2):502–507

62. Pryde PG, Besinger RE, Gianopoulos JG, Mittendorf R. Adverse and beneficial effects of tocolytic therapy. Semin Perinatol 2001; 25(5):316–340

63. Qi Q., ​​Li W., Wang Z. Magnesium and calcium concentration of peripheral serum and mononuclear cells in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1997; 32(1):15–18

64. Raman NV, Rao CA Magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant in eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 49(3):289–298

65. Rantonen T., Kaapa P., Jalonen J. et al. Antenatal magnesium sulphate exposure is associated with prolonged parathyroid hormone suppression in preterm neonates. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90(3):278–281

66. Riaz M., Porat R., Brodsky NL, Hurt H. The effects of maternal magnesium sulfate treatment on newborns: a prospective controlled study. J Perinatol 1998; 18(6):449–454

67. Ricci JM, Hariharan S, Helfgott A et al. Oral tocolysis with magnesium chloride: a randomized controlled prospective clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 1654:603–610

68. Ridgway LE, Muise K, Wright JW et al. A prospective randomized comparison of oral terbutaline and magnesium oxide for the maintenance of tocolysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163:879–882

69. Roffe C., Sills S., Crome P., Jones P. Randomised, cross–over, placebo controlled trial of magnesium citrate in the treatment of chronic persistent leg cramps. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8(5):326–330

70. Rudnicki M., Frolich A., Pilsgaard K. et al. Comparison of magnesium and methyldopa for the control of blood pressure in pregnancies complicated with hypertension. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49(4):231–235

71. Sameshima H., Ikenoue T. Long–term magnesium sulfate treatment as protection against hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in seven–day–old rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184(2):185–190

72. Sawhney H., Vasishta K., Rani K. Comparison of lytic cocktail and magnesium sulphate regimens in eclampsia: a retrospective analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1998; 24(4):261–266

73. Sawhney H., Sawhney I.M., Mandal R. et al. Efficacy of magnesium sulphate and phenytoin in the management of eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1999; 25(5):333–338

74. Sawhney H, Aggarwal N, Biswas R et al. Maternal mortality associated with eclampsia and severe preeclampsia of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2000; 26(5):351–356

75. Schorr SJ, Ascarelli MH, Rust OA et al. A comparative study of ketorolac (Toradol) and magnesium sulfate for arrest of preterm labor. South Med J 1998; 91(11):1028–1032

76. Scudiero R, Khoshnood B, Pryde PG et al. Perinatal death and tocolytic magnesium sulfate. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96(2):178–182

77. Semczuk M, Semczuk–Sikora A. New data on toxic metal intoxication (Cd, Pb, and Hg in particular) and Mg status during pregnancy. Med Sci Monit 2001; 7(2):332–340

78. Shamsuddin L., Rouf S., Khan JH et al. Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam in the management of eclampsia. Bangladesh Med Res Council Bull 1998; 24:43–48

79. Sibai BM, Villar MA, Bary E. Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy: a double–blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161:115–119

80. Surichamorn P. The efficacy of terbutaline and magnesium sulfate in the management of preterm labor. J Med Assoc Thai 2001; 84(1):98–104

81. Tan Y., Zhang W., Lu B. Treatment of intrauterine growth retardation with magnesium sulfate. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2000; 35(11):664–666

82. Terrone DA, Rinehart BK, Kimmel ES et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of high and low maintenance doses of magnesium sulfate for acute tocolysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182(6):1477–1482

83. Thomas SV Neurological aspects of eclampsia. J Neurol Sci 1998; 155(1):37–43

84. Walsh SW, Romney AD, Wang Y., Walsh MD Magnesium sulfate attenuates peroxide–induced vasoconstriction in the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178(1):7–12

85. Witlin AG, Sibai BM Magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92(5):883–889

86. Young GL, Jewell D. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (1): CD000121

Magnesium B6 solution, 100 ml, Evalar

Pay attention to the liquid form of Magnesium from the Evalar company, which can be given to both children from three years old and pregnant/lactating women, because it contains metal ions, a natural thickener, purified water and citric acid as a stabilizer. It has a high safety profile, and due to its liquid form it is effective. This form is also suitable for vegetarians.

Magnesium B6 solution, 100 ml, Evalar

389 ₽

Dietary supplement NOT A MEDICINE

Magnesium for health

Magnesium is an essential trace element that is directly involved in the functioning of the nervous system. Regulates cellular metabolism, ensures the transmission of nerve impulses between muscles and the brain. A sufficient amount of this element in the body helps to more easily endure stress and shock, not experience muscle tone and spasms, and regulate mood and emotions.

Magnesium is extremely important for women's health during pregnancy. Regulates endocrine functions. Magnesium is best absorbed only in combination with vitamin B6 or pyridoxine. Therefore, it is required to be present in magnesium preparations.

The main symptoms of magnesium deficiency in the body:

• headache;
• tachycardia;
• arrhythmia;
• muscle cramps;
• irritability;
• insomnia;
• premenstrual syndrome;
• "lazy bowel" syndrome;
• anxiety and neurasthenic disorders;
• photosensitivity and sensitivity to noise;
• hypertension;
• increased level of platelets in the blood.

Magne B6 and Magnelis B6 comparison

Let's try to answer the question of what is better Magne B6 or Magnelis B6

As can be seen from the table, both drugs have the same indications, the same recommendations for side effects and, judging by consumer reviews, are generally equally well tolerated if all conditions of administration are met.

But some indicators, as well as the composition of the drugs, are different. The form of the active substance, magnesium, and the excipients differ. The form of magnesium in Magna B6 is lactate dihydrate, in Magnelis it is lactate.

Magnesium lactate is a magnesium salt of natural lactic acid. A dihydrate is a form of a substance (i.e. magnesium lactate) that contains two water molecules attached. Thus, the dihydrate provides the greatest bioavailability and better absorption. In fact, this form allows the molecules of the active substance to separate faster and more easily, attach to transporter substances, reach their destination intact and be absorbed there. But even this fact does not deprive the related drug Magnelis B6 of its beneficial properties and effectiveness.

Moreover, in the line of Magnelis products there is a drug Magnelis Express Calm, which in addition to magnesium contains extracts of hops, valerian, passionflower and folic acid. It has a more pronounced calming effect and helps regulate sleep and wakefulness. In turn, Magne B6 has a solution form that can be given to children from 1 year of age in the presence of hypertension, increased excitability and nervous tension during the adaptation period. Magnelis is acceptable for use by children over 6 years of age. However, before using magnesium in children, you should consult a specialist.

Both drugs in tablet form should be used with caution if you have diabetes, since the tablet shells contain sugar.

When are magnesium supplements prescribed?

• when restoring the nervous system, in the event of any, even seemingly minor, disorders, ranging from mild irritability to severe forms of vegetative-vascular dystonia and cardioneurosis.

• to normalize blood pressure in hypertension.
• to eliminate heart pain and heart rhythm disturbances. If the cause of heart ailments lies not in a functional disorder, but in a serious heart disease, then the supplement is prescribed in combination with other medications.
• for the treatment of muscle cramps, including in children
• with poor and imaginative nutrition, diets, increased physical activity.

Benefits of magnesium

1. Helps absorb calcium, activates vitamin D in the kidneys, which is necessary for the health of the skeletal system.
2. Metabolizes carbohydrates and glucose, therefore reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes.
3. Reduces fat deposits on artery walls, reduces the risk of coronary artery calcification.
4. Magnesium therapy reduces the likelihood of developing migraines.
5. Reduces premenstrual symptoms.
6. Promotes weight loss due to its influence on hormonal levels and its participation in the synthesis of female hormones.
7. The presence of magnesium in the body can change the types of bacteria present in the intestines.