Why legs may swell during pregnancy and how to safely relieve swelling

Preeclampsia, salt and fluid restriction, the Laman diet, “diuretic herbs” and treatment of edema in pregnant women in the light of modern medical science.

They were afraid of fear where there was no fear (Ps. 13:5).

While on medical business in Germany and Holland, I learned and greatly appreciated one of the principles of training in these countries (training in general and obstetrics in particular). This is “always doubt, check and don’t trust anyone just like that.” Not a textbook, not a teacher, not an authoritative magazine, not a luminary. Study the question yourself and form your own judgment. There are libraries with books and magazines in different languages, the Internet with forums and databases, there are excellent specialists and there is our own common sense. Both in Germany and Holland they teach this from school years. This develops independent thinking and the need for constant learning. If this is not the case, backward and false views and practices will reign for decades.

This is what I mean by all this. Unfortunately, in our Russian community, the habit of checking everything and keeping abreast of modern knowledge is not widespread among obstetricians and parents. Many people also trust authority too much. Just think: we still have both doctors and midwives “treating” edema in pregnant women, believing that this is the same gestosis that is dangerous to the life of the mother and child, and that by removing the edema, they will thereby help the woman. They apparently believe that excess fluid is the root of the problem. Meanwhile, everything is just the OPPOSITE. The whole world has long known that edema in pregnant women is not dangerous and is unreliable as a symptom of pathology, that gestosis can be without edema and then it is much worse, that restricting pregnant women in drinking, eating and salt is not a therapeutic and preventive measure, but a dangerous measure, and therefore , prohibitive diets are not a matter of pregnant bellies.

Why, exactly, should you believe this? That's right, you don't have to believe, you just need to understand the physiology. That is, to understand how the body works and how it works and by what mechanism the disease develops. Then you yourself will figure out what is good and what is bad.

Recently, a panel of reputable physicians reviewed the abstracts of 260 articles published in the American medical journal Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics from 1935 to 1999. It turned out that half of the “firmly established medical facts and theories over 45 years have become “mistakes of the past.” Another study examined 474 abstracts of articles on liver disease published in The Lancet and Gastroenterology between 1945 and 1999. And here, too, after 45 years, half of the medical knowledge turned out to be outdated. The famous British neurologist John Hughlings Jackson (1836-1911) once said: “It takes 50 years to drive out a false idea from medicine, but a hundred years to establish a correct one.” "Science and Life" 1/2007

Water is a key element of pregnancy

It is known that the human body is approximately 80 percent water. This means that water is the most important component of our body. During a normal pregnancy, even more water is collected, as much as 6–8 liters, 4–6 of which are outside the body tissues, and 2–3 in the tissues. By the end of pregnancy, about 3 liters of water accumulate in the baby, placenta and amniotic fluid. Another three liters are used to increase the mother’s blood volume, to grow and enlarge the uterus and mammary glands. This is such a flood! Note: this is designed so that there is a lot of water. Whether anyone likes it or not.

The volume of the liquid part of the blood begins to increase very early, from 8 weeks of pregnancy. But, for example, the number of red blood cells is only from 18 weeks. It seems that fluid accumulation is a phenomenon of paramount importance, since the body begins to deal with it so early. And it’s true: after all, how liquid and fluid the blood is, so quickly it can deliver nutrients for the growth of the child, uterus, and mammary glands. And blood can fill a whole new vascular system only if there is a lot of it.

However, the child’s vascular system and all the water space around him is not filled with maternal blood or plasma. Then where does the child get fluid from?

When to contact a gynecologist

The most common signs of edema are that rings and straps on shoes begin to put a lot of pressure and cause discomfort. In this case, it is recommended to buy looser shoes and not wear rings until the end of pregnancy. Slight swelling of the face, upper and lower eyelids usually appears in the morning and goes away on its own in the evening. You should consult a doctor if:

• sudden weight gain, more than 500 grams per week;
• if swelling does not go away during the day;
• numbness, tingling in swollen hands or feet;
• if it is difficult or impossible to bend your fingers, and it hurts to step on your feet;
• shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat.

You can check for swelling by pressing on the skin with your finger. If there is no trace left, everything is fine. If there remains a pale pit that is slowly leveling out, you need to see a doctor.

The placenta is a key character in pregnancy

So, we have come to the most important point in the physiology of pregnancy. From the mother's blood, everything necessary, and first of all water, is obtained by another main character of pregnancy, which is not well known - the child's temporary organ called the placenta.

The placenta begins to form like this. Approximately on the 7th day after conception, after traveling a long way through the fallopian tube, the embryo ends up in the uterus. An embryo is an unborn child in a vesicle, the shell of which is covered with villi. When the vesicle is near the wall of the uterus, it first attaches to it with its villi, and then gets to work: with the villi it rebuilds the vessels of the uterus so that they become dilated, full of blood, and around the villi itself they form a mini-pool of mother’s blood, which is constantly and quickly renewed . In this case, the baby’s blood in the villus and the mother’s blood in the pool do not mix. Much like a germinating seed, its roots absorb water and everything it needs from the soil, but not sand, clay and other large objects. “You provide us with building materials, but we know what and how to build,” both the embryo-child and the seed of the plant seem to be saying.

The seed takes roots from the soil only what it offers it. It cannot cause rain, or turn an underground source towards itself. Not so with the placenta: it is not a simple pump that pumps out what is given. No, she, in the apt expression of Michel Auden, is a “baby’s lawyer,” who, among other things, knows how to intervene in the physiology of the mother’s body and “squeeze” out of it what the baby needs. And if the blood pressure (and it is provided by water) in the placenta and the baby begins to fall, she will do everything to get the necessary fluid.

The placenta grows and develops; its construction also requires nutrients from the mother’s blood, and by 18 weeks its formation is generally completed. That is, by the time the child’s rapid growth begins, there should already be a powerful, functional placenta.

So, let's remember two facts well. First: the amount of water in the mother’s blood determines the amount of water in the child, as well as how well building substances will flow to him. Second: the placenta, as an active organ-advocate of the child, in case of shortage, will manipulate the mother’s body so as to receive enough nutrition and water. Up to conflicts.

Where can swelling occur?

Swelling during pregnancy is most often localized in the feet, ankles and lower legs. The reasons are clear: excess liquid first collects at the very bottom - where gravity pulls it. Usually it all starts with pastosity - mild swelling with pallor and decreased elasticity of the skin.

The next favorite place for pastiness and swelling is the hands. Also, excess fluid often leaves a mark on the face; along with swelling, nasal congestion may appear - the so-called “rhinitis of pregnant women”.

It is important to know!

Most people consider drops and sprays for the common cold to be one of the most harmless medicines. Just not during pregnancy - many of them are dangerous for the fetus! Be sure to consult your doctor before treating a runny nose.

Two more important substances are salt and protein.

The reader already understands why a lot of water is needed for a normal pregnancy. Now, in order to understand where and how problems with “water supply” can arise, we need to understand something more from physiology. Water to reach the child must be in the blood, in the vessels (and not, say, under the skin, in tissues, body cavities). What holds it in the vessels? There are two substances that pregnant women and obstetricians need to keep in mind: table salt and the protein albumin. If there is a shortage of them, water will leak from the vessels into the tissues, causing EDEMA. Vessels in this situation are like leaky hoses: no matter how much water you pour in, you won’t get the required pressure, and everything around is wet.

Albumin is synthesized by the mother's liver from the amino acids of the food that the mother eats. Therefore, it is important what she eats and how her liver works. Salt – comes from food, can be stored by the kidneys; salt metabolism is also regulated by certain hormones. Remember from physiology that the volume of the liquid part of the blood begins to increase very early, from the eighth week? Now remember what pregnant women crave during the same period: pickles, sauerkraut, herring, salted tomatoes.

Diagnostics

To know how to relieve swelling of the nasal mucosa, you need to conduct a diagnosis. At the initial stage, the otolaryngologist collects an anamnesis. The patient talks about unpleasant symptoms that bother her. After this, a manual examination (palpation) is performed. The doctor examines the nasal mucosa, determines the presence/absence of mucus, and also determines the severity of infiltrative changes. More detailed diagnostics include laboratory and instrumental research methods.

Laboratory research methods

Diagnosis of the disease in laboratory conditions allows one to assess the level of pathological secretion in the nasal cavity.

Instrumental research methods

If we are talking about severe swelling of the nose, the diagnosis of a pregnant woman should be carried out on the basis of instrumental methods. In this case the following applies:

1. Rhinoscopy.
   Rhinoscopy is a technique for assessing the condition of the patient’s nasal cavity. It allows you to establish the presence of an inflammatory process, as well as its form and nature of course in the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. Two instruments are used for the procedure: a speculum and a speculum. The mirror has the appearance of a metal funnel, which expands the passage to such an extent that it becomes accessible for inspection. Anterior rhinoscopy involves examining the bottom of the nasal cavity and the anterior part of the turbinate, posterior rhinoscopy - the posterior sections of all three passages, as well as the nasopharynx.
2. Endoscopy.
   If it is not possible to examine anatomical changes using a conventional mirror, the doctor performs an endoscopy. Endoscopy involves a visual examination of the internal cavity, as well as the paranasal sinuses. During the examination, a light-conducting device with fiber optics is used - an endoscope. The diameter of the endoscope is only 3 millimeters, thanks to which it is possible to examine such hard-to-reach places as shells, vascular sinuses, and septums. A rigid or flexible endoscope can be used for the procedure.
3. X-ray.
   Fluoroscopy is a diagnostic method that involves shining through the tissues of the nose with ultraviolet rays. It makes it possible to identify abnormal abnormalities in the development of an organ (tumors, polyps, neoplasms). Fluoroscopy allows you to diagnose the inflammatory process, as well as determine the presence of a foreign body and other injuries to the facial skeleton.
4. Diaphanoscopy.
   Diaphanoscopy involves examining the nasal sinuses using a diaphanoscope equipped with a xenon or halogen lamp. It creates a strong light flux that illuminates the upper jaw area. The purpose of the procedure is to diagnose pathological proliferation of the mucous membrane (sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, sphenoiditis). Mainly used when there is pus or serous fluid in the nasal cavity.

Preeclampsia: dehydration and blood thickening

Now you have all the necessary data to understand what happens during gestosis. There is a conflict between what demands the placenta makes on the mother’s body and what the mother can provide her without harming herself. Three situations are possible:

• the mother’s body does not provide enough nutrients and water, for example, due to poor nutrition and insufficient drinking (including non-physiological diets), liver disorders, defects in the vessels of the uterus or its wall, general diseases);
• the placenta (it refers to the baby’s body) cannot absorb enough of the same nutrients and water (irregular structure of the placenta);
• mixed version - both together.

What is common to all cases is that with gestosis there is always (!) a lack of water and albumin in the bloodstream, that is, dehydration and blood thickening always occur. Due to blood thickening, the pressure in the vessels is insufficient, the blood does not flow fast enough, and the placenta manipulates the mother’s body, causing narrowing and spasm of the blood vessels in her body in order to increase the blood pressure. The pressure increases, and initially more blood flows to the baby. But this same spasm ultimately damages the blood vessels. At the sites of damage, platelets and fibrin threads - blood clotting products - are deposited. This, as well as the thickening of the blood itself and the peculiarities of coagulation during pregnancy, leads to the formation of blood clots (!) in the vessels throughout the mother’s body. Particularly affected are those organs on which the load is increased during pregnancy: the liver and kidneys. Blood thickening also leads to poor nutrition and hypoxia in the child. Good blood supply can be compared to skillfully organized traffic, bad blood supply can be compared to widespread traffic jams, when we say: “Yes... the whole city is at a standstill.” It’s not that it’s standing – it’s moving, but how ineffective! Good blood circulation is like good roads.

So, it’s clear where gestosis causes increased pressure (attempts to maintain nutrition for the child), edema (due to a lack of albumin, water leaks into the tissues) and a large amount of protein in the urine (damaged renal vessels let in what they shouldn’t). It is also clear that those who eat poorly and drink little, and those who have large children, twins, triplets (due to increased needs), will be at risk. By the way, it is a well-known fact that extensive physiological edema often develops in women who carry large children. The first sign of gestosis may be an increase in the amount of hemoglobin in a general blood test after 18-20 weeks of pregnancy. (Normally, hemoglobin should decrease slightly). An increase in hematocrit will be even more eloquent. Both of them will talk about thickening of the blood, that is, a lack of water.

Reason for appearance

Any swelling occurs as a result of excess fluid accumulation in the interstitial space of the body. Why is this happening?

During pregnancy, the appearance of edema is influenced by a number of factors:

• changes in water-salt metabolism (accumulation of Na, which delays the removal of fluid from the body);
• a decrease in plasma albumin levels and an increase in the permeability of capillary walls;
• the pressure of the growing uterus on the vessels and organs, which causes a slowdown in blood circulation and fluid retention.

The process of water retention does not occur immediately. In the first 3 months of pregnancy, swelling practically does not occur. But later a woman may notice their appearance on her arms, legs, and face. In recent months, swelling most often appears in the legs. You can detect them by pressing your finger on the skin of the lower leg in front. With swelling in this case, a hole is formed that does not immediately disappear.

Diet for gestosis

Anyone who studies the mechanism of gestosis will easily come up with the necessary diet. You should drink a lot of water (2 - 2.5 liters), eat protein foods more often (this is by no means only meat!), not forgetting about carbohydrates (because if there is a shortage of the latter, proteins are burned as fuel) and fats (they are also fuel, and building material, in particular for the baby’s brain). The diet should be balanced; one component should not predominate to the detriment of the other. Salt cannot be limited because it retains fluid in the blood. Clear and logical.

The same applies to the diet for the prevention of preeclampsia, because while the placenta is forming, building substances are needed to form a “strong root system.” If the placenta has already formed defectively, then you need to place those few “roots” in a nutrient solution to make its work easier. By any means - both natural and medicinal.

Pregnancy and swelling

Swelling during pregnancy is normal because the body produces about 50% more blood and body fluids to meet the needs of the developing baby.

Swelling during pregnancy

Swelling during pregnancy occurs in the arms, face, legs, ankles and feet.

Medicines for gestosis

Treatment of gestosis is increasing blood flow, improving the child’s nutrition, reducing critically high blood pressure in the mother. At the same time, judge for yourself whether it is appropriate to give medications that increase blood flow (for example, chimes, aspirin) without prescribing plenty of fluids? Is it possible to get by with only IVs with saline and albumin without normal drinking and eating? And if it is possible, then why?

Nowadays, it has also become known that calcium and magnesium preparations, as well as omega-3 and -6 fatty acids (fish oil, flaxseed oil and evening primrose oil) can provide significant assistance in the prevention and treatment of gestosis. The benefits of these substances have been proven by scientific research. We can easily understand why if we remember that gestosis is a conflict. Calcium is a building substance for all cells, for bones, it is absorbed only in the presence of magnesium. Omega-3 and -6 fatty acids are building blocks for a child’s brain, and nutrition of the human brain during prenatal development is a priority. If the mother does not have enough of these substances, the placenta “demands” what is necessary for the child, which will result in problems for the mother in her own body.

If the situation cannot be corrected either by diet or medications, if the child suffers from lack of nutrition and oxygen, the mother suffers from hypertension and damage to the liver and kidneys, then the only treatment option is childbirth.

How to treat nasal swelling during pregnancy?

Treatment of nasal swelling during pregnancy should be under the supervision of a doctor. Today there are many remedies for the common cold, but not all of them are suitable for the expectant mother and her child.

To help eliminate swelling:

1. Rinsing the nose with a solution of sea water (you can use ready-made products or make them yourself).
2. Physiotherapeutic treatment using ultrasonic inhalation based on products of plant origin.
3. The use of specific anti-allergy drugs in case of detection of an allergic reaction.
4. Taking antibacterial agents to fight infection (if local treatment does not work).
5. Drinking plenty of water to prevent dehydration.

An effective remedy in the fight against nasal swelling is “Sialor Aqua” - an isotonic solution in a convenient release form. In addition to purified sea water, it contains valuable microelements: magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium and others. The drug is sold in anatomical ampoules, which reduce the likelihood of sinus injuries.

Irrigation of the nasal cavity with Sialor Aqua will help a pregnant woman maintain the natural microflora of the mucous membrane, clearing it of bacteria and viruses. With this drug you stimulate regenerative processes, reduce inflammation, and also normalize the production of internal defense factors of the immune system. All this will ensure proper breathing for a long period of time.

Edema in pregnant women

Now let’s return again to the issue of edema, because, as I already said, it is the accumulation of fluid in the body (rapid weight gain, edema) that we mistake for manifestations of gestosis.

“There is no convincing evidence that significant fluid retention in the body or even the occurrence of overt edema is a factor leading to the development of preeclampsia [preeclampsia. – V.N.] or require the patient to be classified as a high-risk group for the development of preeclampsia.” M. Enkin et al. Guide to effective assistance during pregnancy and childbirth, St. Petersburg, Petropolis, 2003, p. 124

Based on the above, it is clear that edema can occur during gestosis. Particular concern should be caused by swelling that grows quickly, spreading above the level of the legs, to the abdomen and upper body. BUT!!! There may not be any swelling even with severe gestosis! In a woman suffering from gestosis (that is, obviously dehydrated), the absence of edema is more dangerous, because water from the edematous fluid can return to the vessels if there is more salt and albumin there, and without edema and with insufficient drinking, there is simply nowhere to get it.

It is important to note that when hypertension and edema are combined, or hypertension and accelerated weight gain in pregnant women, the incidence of intrauterine fetal death is lower than in the presence of isolated hypertension. Preeclampsia without edema (“dry preeclampsia”) has long been known as an unfavorable variant of this pathology, accompanied by a higher incidence of maternal mortality and fetal death compared with that of preeclampsia combined with edema. M. Enkin et al. Guide to effective assistance during pregnancy and childbirth, St. Petersburg, Petropolis, 2003, p. 81

Preeclampsia almost never occurs without an increase in blood pressure; this is the most important point. Usually, in addition to it, there is also protein in the urine (its amount is variable: sometimes more, sometimes less, sometimes it is there, sometimes it is not). In modern clinical obstetrics, edema is excluded from the criteria for diagnosing gestosis. Because they happen too often during pregnancy, and their presence or absence does not say anything about the severity of gestosis!

Let us also mention where different types of edema during pregnancy come from.

Considering the amount of water that normally accumulates during pregnancy, it is not surprising that swelling of the ankles and legs by the end of pregnancy occurs in most women, especially at the end of the day. In later stages, this is facilitated by a large uterus: it puts pressure on the inferior vena cava and prevents the outflow of venous blood from the veins of the lower extremities. Most often, slight swelling of the legs is a sign of sufficient blood dilution.

Edema can also be of venous origin. In this case, they predominate on the legs, intensify with prolonged standing and walking, and are accompanied by a peculiar marbling of the skin of the legs. Often such pregnant women in the female line have varicose veins.

Another type of edema is constitutional. Women with a hypersthenic build: short, plump, with round shapes, small hands and feet, gain more weight than thin women. If such a woman gains 25 kg during pregnancy, has significant swelling in her legs, but she does not have an increase in blood pressure, or an increase in blood hemoglobin, or protein in the urine - this will mean that her swelling is constitutional, no gestosis here and there is no trace of it.

All this swelling of pregnant women (except for cases of gestosis) may not be aesthetically pleasing and unpleasant, but they are harmless - once; they are not treated by dehydration (because it is dangerous) - two. I leave aside swelling in congestive heart failure, severe diseases of the liver and kidneys, thyroid gland and other pathologies not related to pregnancy. Women usually know about the existence of such a pathology before pregnancy and are observed by appropriate specialists.

Edema occurs too often in healthy pregnant women to serve as a distinguishing sign [preeclampsia – V.N.], so it is no longer considered a diagnostic indicator of this condition. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd edition, 2005

Treatment of swelling during pregnancy without risk to the health of mother and child

It is important to understand that treatment of pathological swelling, when a woman is diagnosed with nephropathy, heart disease, kidney disease or other diseases that threaten her life, is carried out exclusively in an obstetric and gynecological hospital! In such cases, it is impossible to do without drug therapy.

At the Quality of Life clinic, we help women relieve physiological swelling so that their pregnancy is more comfortable and easy.

General recommendations in the form of following a diet, drinking regimen, limiting salt intake may not be enough - a woman can still swell a lot (especially in the heat) and not know what to do.

We use a comprehensive approach to treating swelling during pregnancy, which includes osteopathy and exercise therapy.

Benefits of osteopathic treatment

Osteopathic medicine methods are painless and do not use medications, therefore they are as safe as possible during pregnancy. But the main thing is that they affect the root cause of the disease, and not its individual symptoms.

An osteopathic doctor determines the source of the problem and eliminates it:

- relieves spasms and blocks in a woman’s body, which promotes the unhindered flow of intercellular fluid and lymph; — corrects the position of the enlarged uterus so that it does not put pressure on the pelvic vessels; — improves blood circulation in the lower extremities, preventing blood stagnation.

To consolidate the results, we recommend that women take a course of exercise therapy. Our specialists select a special set of exercises for each, which helps maintain physical activity until childbirth. After all, if a woman moves little, then the risk of swelling for her increases several times compared to those who lead an active lifestyle.

In addition, in our practice we use kinesio taping to relieve swelling. This method allows you to effectively combat them and is safe during pregnancy.

Water accumulation and blood loss

Here’s another reason why you should endure the flood that pregnancy brings with it, and not prescribe dehydrating medications and diets: a woman will experience blood loss during childbirth. I'm not even talking about bleeding (although this happens), just normal blood loss, after which you will have to recover.

Now call on common sense to help: which woman will better tolerate blood loss and recover faster: the one who has a lot of blood, or the one who has little? The one that lost thick concentrated blood, or the one that lost diluted blood? Which one will lose more formed elements and nutrients?

A normally well-nourished and not dehydrated woman tolerates even significant blood loss surprisingly easily.

What factors can influence the appearance of edema during pregnancy?

The following factors may also affect swelling during pregnancy:

• Varicose veins
• Summer heat
• Stand for a long time
• Prolonged physical activity
• Low Potassium Diet
• High caffeine consumption
• High sodium intake

During normal pregnancy, there is mild swelling, but if you experience sudden swelling in your arms and face, this could be a sign of preeclampsia.

Pregnancy and thrombosis

Sharp swelling of the distal parts of the lower extremities may be a consequence of thrombosis. In these cases of sudden swelling, it is important to see a doctor immediately.

Diets of all stripes

Now we should briefly list all the restrictions on food and drink that are now imposed on pregnant women. The most common is what obstetricians-gynecologists still recommend in antenatal clinics: limiting salt (do not add salt) and drinking (two glasses a day) for swelling or rapid weight gain. We will not repeat ourselves; it is explained above why this recommendation should be considered outdated and anti-physiological.

The recommendation is to eat less so as not to “feed” the baby, since it is easier to give birth to a small baby. It is usually given along with advice to drink less so that there is no swelling. This belief contradicts physiology and is fraught with disturbances in water metabolism and nutrition in mother and child. Already in the 1930s, several special diets were proposed to limit a child’s weight gain (for example, Dr. Prokhovnik’s diet with a drinking limit of 300-400 g and others). At the same time, they abandoned the use of such diets, since “their effect is questionable and compliance is difficult.” And, let us add, it is not useful, and for some it is dangerous.

Diet to prevent allergies in a child. Research shows that prescribing an allergen-free diet does not significantly reduce the risk of having a child with allergies. This diet may adversely affect the nutrition of the mother or baby in the womb.

Fast. Religious fasts are not (or should not be) intended to cause exhaustion or illness. If a mother can carefully plan her meals so that she gets everything she needs from fasting food, then let her fast. In practice, we, obstetricians, often see a large family with a mother who gives birth and feeds continuously, and they all eat sandwiches and cereals, cookies, bread and sweets. Unfortunately, eating disorders in religious families are the rule rather than the exception. It is not surprising that pregnancy and childbirth are sometimes difficult, and postpartum recovery is long.

Laman diet. This new Moscow trend is a type of dry eating. The diet consists of not drinking water, but only bound liquid (that found in vegetables and fruits, juices and other foods). To put it bluntly, it is to make it difficult for the body to access water. It should be noted here that the German naturopathic doctor Heinrich Laman, who lived and worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, introduced 5 different diets for patients with various diseases. I could not find any evidence that he recommended his diets for pregnant women. Most likely, given the great popularity of this doctor, Russian doctors recommended the Laman diet with dry eating to edematous pregnant women on the principle of “what if it helps?” The swelling, of course, decreased. The possible consequences of such dehydration were mentioned above. At the beginning of the twentieth century, doctors did not know enough about the physiology of pregnancy, where edema comes from and how it is related to gestosis. And we know. Therefore, prescribing the Laman diet for pregnant women seems anti-physiological to us, and dangerous for the unhealthy and poorly nourished.

Self-adherence to a diet with the goal of “not gaining weight, not getting fat.” The goal is good. But the product should only be such that the mother and child are fully provided with proteins, healthy fats and carbohydrates. In order not to gain weight, you need to limit refined sugar, white flour products, store-bought baked sweets, animal fats and eliminate trans-isomers of fatty acids. And choose foods with a low glycemic index. And move for at least an hour every day. That's all. You need to eat well and enough. After all, we want a healthy mother and child, and not a wasp waist immediately after childbirth?

Use of diuretics. Diuretic drugs for edema are now rarely prescribed to pregnant women and only by obstetricians who are completely unaware of modern scientific data. But the use of “diuretic herbs” is widespread and widespread. They use bearberry and lingonberry leaf. This is perhaps less dangerous than pills, but in this case it is completely “wrong”.

Prevention and treatment of edema

In the second half of pregnancy, it is recommended to limit salt intake and avoid canned food and homemade pickles. Salt contains sodium, which interferes with the removal of water from the body. The closer your due date, the healthier your diet should become. This will protect the baby from allergies, and healthy habits will make it easier for a woman to switch to a diet for breastfeeding. It is recommended to remove fatty, fried foods from the diet, and exclude sweets and flour. In consultation with your doctor, you can do fasting days once a week. Due to hormonal changes, pregnant women are often thirsty. You should not limit your fluid intake; it is better to replace tea and coffee with plain water. You should drink 1-1.5 liters of water per day, not counting soups and fruits. To reduce swelling, you can drink cranberry juice, but you should take diuretic teas without consulting a doctor. Walking and light exercises are not only good for the child, they help reduce swelling. Monotonous sedentary work provokes fluid retention and also causes oxygen starvation of the fetus. A woman is recommended to walk every day for at least half an hour. Swimming, yoga, and light gymnastics are also useful. During rest or sedentary work, your legs should be raised to a horizontal position. To prevent your fingers from swelling from needlework or working at the computer, you need to take a break and warm up every half hour. If veins become noticeable with swelling in your legs, especially if pain occurs, you need to consult a phlebologist. Varicose veins often accompany pregnancy; compression stockings can be used to treat them.

A little swelling accompanies every pregnancy. There is no need to worry as they will go away during or immediately after childbirth. It is important to follow preventive measures, and if pathological conditions appear, immediately contact a gynecologist.

A little philosophy at last

Doctors and midwives, as well as most pregnant women, know that pregnancy is not a disease, but one of the natural states. Therefore, all of them should first of all be interested in three natural questions:

• lifestyle of a pregnant woman;
• by what she eats and drinks;
• whether she is happy, and if not, then why.

And only then delve into everything else. Because ninety-five percent of the problems in ninety-five out of a hundred pregnant women will grow from these three areas. Because sometimes everything is very simple and you just need to ask: “Have you tried eating it? What about drinking? The image of a flower will help obstetricians and parents. What does he need to “thrive”? The same goes for the pregnant woman and the child. Soil (nutrition), watering (water), sun (sunlight and love), air, loosening (movement), weeding (physical and mental hygiene).

And what a professional called upon to help a pregnant woman should absolutely not do is “burden” her with fears, false ideas, and unnecessary treatment. And especially, dry eating!

Why, actually, reader, should you believe me? You don’t owe anything to anyone, including public health. Believe it or not. Better yet, check. Do your own research on the subject (I've included sources below for your convenience). I wish you fruitful research work - both in this case and in all others!

Author: Veronika Nazarova (Maslova)

Glossary of medical terms:

Hematocrit is the ratio of the volume of blood cells to the volume of plasma; gives an idea of ​​the total volume of red blood cells, characterizes the degree of thickening or dilution of the blood.

Arterial hypertension (hypertensio; hyper- + lat. tensio tension) is increased hydrostatic pressure in the arterial vessels of the body. In everyday language it is called hypertension.

Trans isomers of fatty acids. Fatty acid isomers are organic acids that have the same chemical formula, but differ in the spatial arrangement of individual atoms (that is, geometry). In the structure of trans-isomers, the hydrogen atoms are located on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond, in the structure of cis-isomers - one at a time. For this reason, the chains of cis isomers of poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids are curved, while the chains of trans isomers are straight. The geometry of molecules influences their biological function.

The glycemic index of a food is an indicator of its ability to increase blood sugar levels. Foods with a high glycemic index (such as sugar) cause blood sugar levels to rise quickly. They are easily digested and absorbed by the body. Foods with a low glycemic index (such as cereals) raise blood sugar more slowly because the carbohydrates contained in these foods are not absorbed immediately.

Gestosis (preeclampsia) is the general name for conditions caused by pregnancy, accompanied by high blood pressure (hypertension), the presence of a significant amount of protein in the urine and sometimes edema. Preeclampsia can manifest itself in the second half of pregnancy and in the first week after birth (mainly during the first 48 hours). Severe forms are accompanied by convulsions (eclampsia).

Reference materials:

• Murray Enkin, Mark J.N.S. Keirs, Mary Renfrew, James Neilson / Ed. Murray Enkin. Guide to effective care during pregnancy and childbirth. Third edition. Per. from English St. Petersburg: “Petropolis”, 2003.
• Williams Obstetrics. – 22nd ed. / F. Gary Cunningham et al. - McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division 2005.
• Oxford Handbook of Midwifery. Edited by Janet Medforth, Sue Battersby, Maggie Evans et al. Oxford University Press 2006.
• Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives by Jane Coad, Melvyn Dunstall, second edition, Churchill Livingstone 2005.
• V. Steckel Fundamentals of obstetrics. Per. from German. State Medical Publishing House, Leningrad, 1933.
• Ann Frye, Understanding Diagnostic Tests in the Childbearing Year. 6th ed Labrys Press Publishers, Oregon 1997.
• Discussion Club of the Russian Medical Server https://forums.rusmedserv.com/archive/index.php/
• Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Lahmann

About the author: Veronika Nazarova (Maslova) is a family doctor, obstetric practice for 19 years, representative of the international obstetric organization Midwifery Today in Russia, scientific editor of the Russian translation of Dr. Michel Auden’s books “Caesarean Section” and “The Scientific Knowledge of Love.”

Pathological conditions

Physiological edema occurs in every pregnant woman and does not cause her any discomfort other than dissatisfaction with her appearance. You have to take off the rings and not wear them until the birth. Shoes are getting small, some women are buying boots and boots a size larger. This is a normal condition; all excess water is eliminated from the body on its own within a week after childbirth.

Preeclampsia is considered a pathology. Its first symptom is severe swelling of the lower leg, an increase in the volume of the leg by more than 1 cm per week.

Other symptoms of gestosis:

• protein in urine analysis;
• vomiting or nausea;
• high blood pressure;
• headache;
• convulsions.

There are several stages of gestosis; with regular visits to the antenatal clinic, doctors diagnose it at an early stage and immediately take action. If you do not visit a doctor and do not follow recommendations for the prevention of gestosis, this can lead to worsening of the condition, seizures and kidney failure.

Therefore, already in the early stages of gestosis, doctors recommend contacting an experienced obstetrician-gynecologist at the Gynecology Center. There they take measures to remove excess water and stimulate kidney function. If all else fails, an emergency caesarean section is performed. The baby is then nursed in an incubator, and the female body is helped to restore kidney function.

Treatment

Conservative therapy

Depending on the cause of the symptom, the following treatment measures are carried out:

• Preeclampsia.
  Patients are hospitalized (except for cases of mild dropsy). Bed rest is prescribed. Correction of the drinking regime, a special diet with an increased amount of protein, and salt restriction are indicated. Diuretics are not recommended, as they can aggravate the release of vascular fluid into the tissue and contribute to the increase in edema. Antispasmodics, desensitizing, hypotensive, sedative and anticonvulsants, infusion therapy, and oxygen therapy are used.
• Kidney diseases.
  A special diet is prescribed. In mild cases, herbal remedies are used. For clinically significant forms of glomerulonephritis, the treatment regimen includes loop diuretics, xanthines, potassium-containing agents, antihypertensive drugs, and antiplatelet agents. If you have a solitary kidney, hormones and antibiotics may be required. Iron supplements are needed to increase hemoglobin levels. Pulsed ultrasound is effective in the lumbar region.
• Varicose veins
  Compression therapy, treatment with phlebotonics and phleboprotectors, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet agents are carried out. Moderate physical activity, lymphatic drainage massage, physical therapy, and a diet with plenty of vegetable fats and fiber are helpful.
• Thrombophilia.
  Patients with thrombosis are prescribed anticoagulants and thrombolytics. In case of blood rheology disorders, antiplatelet agents are used prophylactically. Hemodilution (erythrocytopheresis, thrombocytopheresis) and hirudotherapy are performed. If there is a lack of coagulation factors and anticoagulants, fresh or fresh frozen plasma is transfused. Sometimes plasmapheresis is necessary.
• Arterial hypertension.
  As part of antihypertensive therapy, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, selective beta blockers, myotropic vasodilators, and slow calcium channel blockers are prescribed. To improve microcirculation and metabolic processes in the fetoplacental system, peripheral vasodilators are used. Diuretics and ACE blockers are not recommended for pregnant women with hypertension.
• Damage to the thyroid gland.
  The basis of treatment is hormonal and iodine-containing medications. For organ disorders due to hypothyroxinemia, cardioprotectors, antiarrhythmic drugs, immunostimulants, vitamin-mineral complexes, and nootropics are additionally used.
• Heart defects.
  Therapy includes antibiotics, nitrates, beta blockers, cardiac glycosides, anticoagulants, loop and thiazide diuretics. Treatment regimens are drawn up individually, taking into account the characteristics of the pathology, the severity of symptoms, and the duration of pregnancy.

Surgery

Natural childbirth is generally the preferred option. If necessary, caesarean section and minor obstetric operations are performed. Sometimes early delivery is required. Specific surgical treatment is postponed, if possible, until pregnancy or lactation is completed. Patients with varicose veins undergo crossectomy, miniphlebectomy, and endovasal laser coagulation according to indications. Minimally invasive methods for treating heart defects are closed mitral commissurotomy and balloon dilatation of aortic stenosis.