Threat on the periphery. What is thromboangiitis obliterans?

Diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities

Arterial disease most often manifests itself as pain in the legs (so-called intermittent claudication).
The pain is of a certain nature: when a person begins to walk, after some time, when covering a certain distance, pain appears in the calves (on one or both sides), which may require rest. This is explained by the fact that when under load, the muscles require a large blood flow, and this is limited due to the pathological narrowing of the arteries. Edema is not typical for arterial insufficiency. As the disease progresses, the walking distance decreases, hair falls out on the legs (hypotrichosis), and the leg muscles atrophy due to constant oxygen starvation. In the later stages of the disease, pain is also bothersome at rest, more at night when the legs are in a horizontal position, which reduces blood flow. When the patient lowers his legs down from the bed, the pain decreases. When the first symptoms of arterial insufficiency appear, you should immediately consult a doctor - this will prevent the development of severe complications - gangrene, etc. The simplest, most accessible and informative method for studying the arteries of the lower extremities is ultrasound.

Below is a medical overview of the main surgical arterial diseases

Diagnostic measures

If you have symptoms of the disease, you should not expect that everything will go away on its own: if the listed signs appear, contact the vascular clinic to find out the causes of the ailment. Diagnosis includes examining the patient and taking a medical history. The doctor assesses the external condition of the limbs, listens to the pulse, and measures blood pressure. Additionally, blood tests and instrumental studies are prescribed, including angiography of the vessels of the extremities and Doppler ultrasound.

Etiology

The main etiological aspects of atherosclerosis in the arteries of the lower extremities do not differ significantly from the mechanisms of formation of atherosclerosis in any other localization. The main importance is given to lipid metabolism disorders. Against the background of increased cholesterol levels in the blood, cholesterol infiltrates the vascular wall. In this case, the predominance of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is most important. An indicator reflecting the balance between the level of atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipids is called the atherogenic index (coefficient) and is an important indicator of predisposition to the development of atherosclerosis.

Another important etiological factor is damage to the vascular wall - smoking, hypertension, immunological disorders, etc.

The course of OASNK is significantly complicated by the presence of concomitant diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation.

Causes of the disease

Among the factors that provoke the disease:

• infectious nature of the problem;

• neurogenic factor – damage to nerve fibers;

• neuroendocrine causes - increased adrenal function increases the release of adrenaline, which causes vasospasm;

• trauma, intoxication and allergies;

• genetic influences;

• smoking. This reason has recently been attributed to the spread of the disease in women.

None of these hypotheses have yet been confirmed or refuted. In the last few years, scientists have been inclined to believe that the disease may be genetic or autoimmune in nature. The latter implies that the body, for no apparent reason, begins to secrete antibodies that attack cells of certain tissues.

Pathomorphology

The main changes develop in the intima of the arteries. There are 5 morphological stages of atherosclerosis:

1. Prelipidic – characterized by increased endothelial permeability, destruction of the basement membrane, destruction of elastic and collagen fibers.
2. Stage of lipoidosis - focal infiltration of the arterial intima with lipids occurs.
3. Stage of liposclerosis - a fibrous plaque forms in the intima of the artery.
4. Stage of atheromatosis - destruction of the plaque occurs with the formation of an ulcer.
5. Stage of atherocalcinosis – plaque calcification occurs.

Based on the type of damage to the vascular bed, segmental and diffuse atherosclerosis are distinguished. In the first case, the process develops in a limited area of ​​the vessel from single plaques to complete occlusion of the lumen. This type is more favorable in terms of the potential for performing bypass reconstructive operations on blood vessels. The diffuse type involves widespread atherosclerotic lesions predominantly in the distal bed, leaving no “window” for the surgeon to apply a shunt or prosthesis. The destiny of such patients is conservative therapy in order to delay the onset of gangrene as much as possible.

Clinical picture

The clinical picture of the disease depends on the stage of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities (CAI). The main subjective manifestation of the disease is pain in the calf muscles, initially associated with walking at various distances, and then at rest. In the later stages of the disease, pain occurs not only in the legs, but also in the feet and fingers. It should be borne in mind that when the bifurcation of the aorta and iliac arteries is damaged, pain can also occur in the muscles of the thighs and lower back, and impotence often develops (Leriche syndrome). Most clinical classifications of CHANC are based on pain syndrome.

We believe that the Fontan classification with some modifications is most suitable for clinical use.

Stage 1 – patients complain of pain in the calf muscles when walking about 1 km. The pain causes the patient to limp (intermittent claudication), but the lameness goes away with rest. These pains are associated with muscle ischemia caused by difficult access to arterial blood. At this stage, the symptoms are transient, the pulse in the lower extremities is preserved at all levels (may be weakened), the color of the lower extremities is not changed, there is no muscle atrophy, but hypotrichosis (reduced hair growth in the distal extremities) and changes in the nails in the form of brittleness may occur , susceptibility to fungal diseases.

Stage 2A – pain appears when walking a distance of 200 to 500 meters.

Stage 2B – intermittent claudication occurs when walking less than 200 meters. At this stage, one can observe hypotrichosis, changes in the nails, wasting of the muscles of the legs, pallor of the skin of the distal parts of the lower extremities. The pulse in the foot is usually absent; above it, it can be preserved, depending on the level of the lesion. It should be noted that many patients consult a doctor at this stage, because it significantly reduces the quality of life of patients.

Stage 3 is characterized by severe hemodynamic disturbances in the limb, its main symptom being pain when walking less than 50 meters and pain at rest. Pain at rest mainly bothers patients at night, because... horizontal position of the limb in bed reduces the flow of arterial blood to the distal areas. To increase blood flow, and therefore reduce pain, patients have to lower their legs from the bed up to several times a night. Based on this sign, some authors distinguish stages 3A and 3B of the disease.

Stage 3A – patients lower their legs out of bed up to 5 times per night.

3B – more than 5 times a night or sleep half-sitting with legs down.

At the third stage of the disease, all of the above disorders (hypotrichosis, atrophy, etc.) increase, and mental disorders caused by constant pain and lack of sleep are added. Patients become irritable, faith in the success of treatment decreases, many try to resort to “folk” remedies, which often worsens the course of the disease, causing the appearance of trophic disorders and sometimes gangrene. The pulse on the foot is not detected, on the popliteal artery - rarely, on the femoral artery, in the case of high occlusion, the pulse is not detected.

The photo shows skin necrosis in the area of ​​the metatarsophalangeal joint against the background of obliterating atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities.

During treatment, the wound cleared and granulated (began to heal).

Classification of the disease (types and stages)

In the first stages it is difficult to recognize the disease

Taking into account the localization of blood flow disturbances, Buerger's disease is divided into 3 types:

1. Distal, with damage to small arteries (hands and forearms, legs and feet).
2. Proximal, which is characterized by damage to medium and large vessels (aortic, as well as femoral, iliac and others).
3. Mixed, combining the characteristics of the first two.

Depending on the severity of the clinical picture, 4 successive stages of OTA are distinguished:

1. Ischemic;
2. Trophic;
3. Pregangrene;
4. Gangrenous.

Each stage is characterized by a set of symptoms, which increase as the disease progresses and become more severe. The earlier the diagnosis is made and treatment started, the greater the chances of avoiding the final two stages and their consequences.

Gangrene

The development of gangrene marks stage 4 of HUNC. Between the third stage and the appearance of gangrene, a phase of critical limb ischemia has recently been distinguished, which is characterized by intense pain at rest with the formation of superficial distal necrosis and trophic ulcers.

Gangrene manifests itself by the appearance of bluish lesions on the toes or heels, which subsequently become black. The lesions tend to spread, merge, and involve the proximal parts of the foot and lower leg.

Traditionally, dry and wet gangrene are distinguished. Their main difference is the delimitation (demarcation) of the area of ​​necrosis from other tissues. With dry gangrene, there is an area of ​​black skin, clearly demarcated from the surrounding unchanged tissue, with no tendency to spread. The general condition of the patients does not suffer (except for persistent pain), there are no signs of intoxication, and there is no hyperthermia. This type of gangrene with a small affected area (for example, dry gangrene of the distal phalanx of the toe) can be managed conservatively for a long time, without giving indications for surgery; in some cases, self-rejection of the necrotic area is possible. Haste with surgery in such a situation, due to surgical trauma, can cause progression of the necrotic process.

With wet gangrene, there is no demarcation, there are areas of both black and bluish color on the foot, the skin proximal to the focus of necrosis is hyperemic, and from under the necrosis there is a purulent discharge with an unpleasant odor. There are signs of intoxication (thirst, tachycardia, etc.), hyperthermia to subfebrile and febrile levels. The wet process is characterized by rapid progression, with necrosis spreading in the proximal direction.

In stage 4, some authors distinguish between stage 4A - when there is a prospect of preserving the supporting function of the limb (for example, if it is possible to perform amputation according to Sharp or Chopart while maintaining the supporting function of the heel) and 4B - when the patient is shown a high amputation at the level of the thigh or lower leg.

The presence of concomitant atrial fibrillation in a patient can cause a rapid transition from one stage of arterial insufficiency to another. With atrial fibrillation, in many patients, thrombotic masses accumulate in the left ventricle of the heart, the separation of which and migration in a large circle to the lower extremities can aggravate the existing arterial stenosis with transition to a more severe stage of ischemia, up to the development of gangrene.

Some tests can help in diagnosing limb ischemia, for example, the finger pressing symptom, Oppel's plantar ischemia symptom, Goldflam's test, Panchenko's knee phenomenon, etc.

Which doctor should I go to?

If necessary, you can get a referral to specialists through a surgeon

The symptoms of PTA are similar to the signs of other pathologies, so it is not possible to make a diagnosis at home, “by eye,” even for people with higher medical education.

If symptoms appear that give reason to suspect problems with blood vessels, you should contact:

• to a phlebologist or rheumatologist;
• see an angiologist or angiosurgeon.

In the absence of such specialists in the clinic, you can make an appointment with a therapist, who will redirect you to a medical or diagnostic institution where they can make a diagnosis and provide assistance. For those who do not want or do not have the opportunity to wait for their turn for weeks, there is a quick solution - go for a paid appointment with a specialized specialist at the nearest private clinic.

Data from laboratory and instrumental examination methods

Laboratory examination allows us to identify patients at risk of developing atherosclerosis (increased blood cholesterol, atherogenicity index), identify patients with diabetes mellitus (increased blood glucose levels), which significantly complicates the course of the disease, and assess the state of the blood coagulation system (coagulogram). Culture from a trophic ulcer allows you to identify the causative agent of infection and prescribe rational antibiotic therapy.

Instrumental methods.

The most accessible and informative method, successfully used in outpatient settings, is currently recognized as duplex ultrasound scanning of the arteries of the lower extremities (USAS) - an ultrasound method that allows you to assess the condition of the vascular wall, identify atherosclerotic plaques, determine the level and extent of arterial occlusion, and assess the type blood flow, measure important indicators (brachial-ankle index, etc.). The study should be carried out in all patients suspected of having any stage of CANDC.

Currently, surgeons in Moscow practically do not use rheovasography (RVG) in the diagnosis of OASNK, because it allows you to determine only the deterioration of the arterial blood supply to the lower extremities, which is easily diagnosed based on clinical signs and USAS data.

Angiography is a radiopaque research method used in a hospital setting to clarify the localization of the process and select the method of surgical intervention. The method is highly informative, but since it is not used in outpatient practice, we will not dwell on it in detail.

Microcirculation disorders are determined using capillaroscopy, transcutaneous determination of oxygen tension in superficial tissues and laser Dopplerography - they are of more scientific than practical interest.

If the disease is mild

With a favorable course of the disease, pain occurs only at the beginning of movements. Then the person adapts and can walk without stopping.

This is due to the rapid development of auxiliary circulation bypassing damaged vessels or possible recanalization of the thrombus (a blood channel passes through the thrombus).

Manifestation of thromboangiitis on the hands

Treatment

OASNK is a chronic, continuously progressive disease that requires constant treatment and monitoring of the patient. Treatment tactics depend on the stage of the disease, immediate clinical manifestations, and concomitant pathology.

All patients diagnosed with OASNK must immediately and permanently quit smoking. It is extremely important to control blood cholesterol levels and correct them, which can be carried out together with a cardiologist. All patients need an ECG and consultation with a therapist (cardiologist) to identify risk factors for atherosclerosis such as atrial fibrillation and hypertension. If diabetes mellitus is detected, the patient should be observed by an endocrinologist.

At stages 1 and 2A of the disease, the patient is prescribed a course of treatment with vascular drugs (antiplatelet agents, angioprotectors, agents that improve microcirculation, etc.) - trental, aspirin, nicotinic acid, reopolyglucin, actovegin, etc.

The following treatment regimen can be recommended:

Trental 400 mg x 3 times a day – 1 month

ThromboASS 50 mg/day 2 months

Nicotinic acid 1.0 x 3 r per day IM (can be 1 t x 3 r) – 3 weeks

If intravenous drips are possible (for example, in the presence of a day hospital) -

Reopoliglucin 400.0 IV drip, every other day No. 5.

Actovegin 10.0 in saline solution 400.0 IV drip, every other day No. 5.

Up to three such courses are required per year. The effect is assessed by increasing the walking distance and improving blood flow indicators according to USAS. If, despite the therapy, no positive effect is observed, it makes sense to hospitalize the patient as planned for inpatient examination and treatment.

Stages 1 and 2A CHANC are always subject to conservative treatment. In the presence of stage 2B, as well as in stage 3 CHANC, the patient should be referred for a consultation with an angiosurgeon to decide on the advisability of surgical treatment. Currently, shunt and prosthetic operations are used, as well as lumbar sympathectomy (the effectiveness of the latter method has recently been disputed by many authors). Stenting is gaining increasing acceptance.

In case of stage 3 CHANC, it is advisable to hospitalize the patient as planned for treatment in a hospital setting. If the patient refuses hospitalization, it is advisable to carry out the following course of treatment:

Trental 400 mg x 3r – 1 month

Xanthinol nicotinate 1.0 x 2p – 3 weeks

ThromboASS 50 mg/day continuously

Aevit 1 tablet x 3p 10 days

Neuromultivitis 1t x 3p – 2 weeks

Reopoliglucin 400.0 IV drop daily No. 10

Alprostan 100 mcg per 250 ml of saline solution IV drop, slowly 1 r per day, No. 14. or Vazaprostan 20 mcg per 250 ml saline solution IV drop for at least 2 hours 1 r per day No. 14.

Alprostan and vazaprostan should be administered with caution, under the control of blood pressure, due to the possibility of its decrease in elderly and debilitated patients.

In the complex therapy of OASNK, such drugs as Vesel Due F, Tanakan are also successfully used.

For pain syndrome, it is necessary to prescribe analgesics per os and parenterally (depending on the severity of pain). Both non-narcotic analgesics (ketorol, pentalgin, etc.) and centrally acting drugs (tramal) or combined ones (zaldiar) are used.

In patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus, it is advisable to include in the treatment regimen thioctic acid preparations that improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (for example, Espa-lipon or Berlition 600 mg per 250 ml of saline solution intravenously for 2 weeks, then in tablets for 200 mg x 3-4 times a day for 3 months).

At stages 2B – 3 of CANDC, it is advisable for patients to avoid physical activity, especially those related to walking, hypothermia or, conversely, overheating of the lower extremities. It is especially dangerous to steam your feet in hot water, because... disruption of arterial blood flow to the limb due to overheating causes the appearance of trophic disorders, including the development of gangrene.

Critical ischemia, the development of dry or wet gangrene are indications for emergency hospitalization of the patient

Particularly difficult is the treatment of trophic disorders in the form of ulcers against the background of stage 3 A-B CHANK or critical ischemia of the lower limb. In such patients, pain is constantly present, the ulcers are poorly cleaned, and often with the most adequate and persistent treatment, there is a progression of the necrotic process, ultimately leading to amputation. All patients with trophic disorders should be consulted by an angiosurgeon to decide on the possibility of performing reconstructive vascular surgery or stenting. If such an operation can be performed, it significantly improves hemodynamics in the limb, which significantly accelerates the healing of ulcerative defects. Contraindications to reconstructive operations are usually: damage to the distal vascular bed, which excludes the possibility of applying a shunt, severe concomitant pathology, which gives a high surgical and anesthetic risk of intervention. In such a situation, if appropriate conditions exist (short extent of stenosis, etc.), stenting can be performed as a minimally invasive and fairly safe method.

In severe cases of the disease

The severe course of the disease is characterized by frequent exacerbations with a progressive deterioration of the blood supply to the blood vessels of the legs.

• The pain syndrome is more intense.
• The pain bothers me without connection with exercise, day and night.
• Easier when lowered.
• The patient’s posture is typical: sitting on the bed at night, supporting the sore leg, trying to massage it to relieve numbness.
• The appearance of a brown spot on a finger is regarded as the beginning of dry gangrene (death of tissue).
• The spot enlarges and the color changes to black.
• Due to additional infection of tissues, the stage of wet gangrene occurs.

Conservative therapy of trophic disorders comes down to two areas

1. Conducting drug therapy aimed at improving microcirculation in the affected limb and relieving pain according to the above schemes. At the beginning of treatment of purulent-necrotic ulcers, it is necessary to carry out antibacterial therapy; a culture should be taken from the wound to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to antibiotics. Pending culture results, a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as a fluoroquinolone or cephalosporin may be prescribed. Further antibacterial therapy is carried out based on the culture results. The parenteral route of administration of the antibiotic is preferable, but if injections are not possible, tablet forms can be prescribed.

2. Local treatment - dressings. When treating a necrotic ulcerative defect, you must first ensure that it is cleansed of necrotic masses. To do this, daily dressings are carried out with enzymes (Chymotrypsin, Himopsin, Daltsex-trypsin wipes, etc.) or water-soluble ointments (Levomekol, Levosin). In case of severe pain in the area of ​​the ulcer, it is preferable to use Levosin, which contains a local anesthetic.

After cleansing the ulcer, you can use ointment-based products for dressings - Solcoseryl, Actovegin, Panthenol-ratiopharm, etc.

For the treatment of almost clean, flaccid granulating ulcers, the drug “Curiosin” in drops has proven itself well - 1-2 drops per 1 cm2 of the wound surface.

If the wound has cleared, but is poorly granulated and epithelialized, Solcoseryl 2 ml intramuscularly, daily, No. 14 can be added to therapy.

Dressings are carried out as follows: a surgeon wearing sterile gloves treats the wound surface with a ball on tweezers moistened with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, achieving maximum leaching of tissue detritus and remnants of medicinal substances from the wound. Then the wound is dried with a dry gauze ball, a medicinal substance is applied, and the wound is closed with sterile gauze pads, which are fixed with a gauze bandage. The bandage should not be applied tightly so as not to impair blood circulation in the limb.

In the initial stages (CHANK stage 1-2) of the disease, patients are prescribed sanatorium treatment - hydrogen sulfide baths, as well as physiotherapy.

More about atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities

What does diagnostics include?

Diagnostics of blood vessels is impossible without special devices, which are most often not available in a regular clinic.

The examination begins with listening to complaints about symptoms, clarifying the medical history and subsequent physical examination. Having completed it, the doctor writes out directions for tests and other types of diagnostics.

Some signs of Buerger's disease are common to a number of vascular pathologies, so the doctor needs to distinguish it from:

• obliterating atherosclerosis;
• malignant atrophic pustulosis;
• atheroembolism and other lesions.

For this purpose, differential diagnosis is carried out. It allows you to make a correct diagnosis based on the totality of the results of all types of examination. This includes:

1. Lab tests:
   blood (general, biochemical, coagulogram, immune tests);
2. urine.
3. Hardware diagnostic methods:
   Ultrasound of the carotid arteries;
4. Ultrasound, including color Doppler mapping of the vessels of the extremities, the abdominal aorta and its branches;
5. multislice CT of the arms or legs;
6. rheovasography (RVG) – assessment of blood flow through recording of electrical resistance after exposure to high-frequency current on the affected areas of the body;
7. angiography - x-ray examination of blood vessels using a contrast agent;
8. thermography is a method of identifying pathological thermal fields of the body. The listed techniques make it possible to visualize damaged vessels, assess the degree of narrowing of the lumen and thickening of the wall, and also determine the nature of blood flow disturbances.
9. Functional tests:
   Oppel's plantar ischemia symptom - pallor of the foot on the affected leg when it is elevated by 45°;
10. Goldflam test, which allows you to determine the degree of circulatory impairment by flexion-extension in the area of ​​​​the hip joints and knees, in a supine position;
11. Sitenko-Shamova test, with a tight tourniquet applied to the upper third of the thigh. The test allows you to assess the quality of blood flow by the time of redness of the skin in the area of ​​​​clamping;
12. Panchenko's knee phenomenon. The patient, sitting on the couch, crosses his legs (the sick one on top of the healthy one). Based on the sensations in the lower leg, numbness of the foot, tingling in the fingers reported by the patient, the doctor draws conclusions about circulatory problems;
13. a symptom of the reaction of the nail plate (ridge) to compression. The terminal phalanx of the finger is compressed for 5–10 seconds and then released. The pale skin under the nail should immediately regain its color. If this happens longer, blood circulation in the limb is impaired.

The exact diagnostic program in each specific case is determined by the attending physician.

Treatment

An important point is to eliminate etiological factors - smoking, hypothermia, etc.

Complex therapy includes antispasmodics (No-spa 2t x 3 times a day or Halidor 200 mg x 2 times a day), desensitizing drugs - for example, Claritin 1t x 1 time a day.

Otherwise, conservative therapy for the disease is practically no different from that for obliterating atherosclerosis. Course treatment should be carried out at least 2 times a year.

For obliterating endarteritis, lumbar sympathectomy is more widely used, which is currently performed using minimally invasive methods. Carrying out reconstructive operations on blood vessels, as a rule, is not possible due to diffuse damage to the arterial bed.

The possibilities of physiotherapy are wider - UHF therapy, Bernard currents, electrophoresis.

Sanatorium-resort treatment is indicated in the form of radon and hydrogen sulfide baths.

What happens in the vessels?

One of the leading factors provoking the development of Buerger's disease is smoking.
Changes are observed in all three layers of the vascular wall, but to a greater extent in the inner layer (the so-called intima), which leads to the growth of the intima and narrowing of the lumen of the vessels until they close. Processes in those areas that feed the affected vessels are disrupted. As a result, chilliness, pain, changes in skin color and, subsequently, the formation of ulcers appear.

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)

The disease is quite rare. The course and clinical manifestations are similar to obliterating endarteritis, but differ in a more aggressive course. One of the main symptoms that distinguishes Buerger's disease from other obliterating diseases of the extremities is migrating thrombophlebitis, mainly of the superficial veins. The disease is characterized by a chronic course with periodic exacerbations and remissions.

Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans is not much different from therapy for endarteritis obliterans. If venous thrombosis occurs, they are treated according to the general rules (see treatment of venous thrombosis).

Consequences

In severe cases, the patient is assigned disability

Buerger's disease is dangerous due to complications such as acute thrombosis and gangrene. The first blocks the patency of the vessel and can cause sudden death, while the second carries the risk of blood poisoning. To avoid the unfortunate consequences of OTA, it is important to take treatment seriously.

The long course of the pathology can lead to disability. When establishing a group, the following are taken into account:

• to what extent the functional abilities of the body have been affected;
• how much vascular disorders are compensated and what is the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures.

MSEC assigns:

• the first group, if there are confirmed severe disorders in which the patient is unable to care for himself and do without outside help;
• the second group, when, with a pronounced deterioration in functions, a person retains the ability to take care of himself, without outside help;
• the third group, when health disorders affect only the ability to work.

You can check the likelihood of disability in a particular case with your attending physician.